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Endurecer is a Spanish verb which translates into English as “to harden, toughen”.
Below are all of the conjugations for endurecer in Spanish, in all three moods (indicative/indicativo, subjunctive/subjunctivo and imperative/imperativo) and all of the tenses, for each pronoun.
The vosotros pronoun is mainly used in mainland Spain, and is the informal second-person plural – it could be considered the Spanish version of “y’all”. It is rarely found in Latin America, where ustedes is used instead.
The vos form is used instead of tú in some Spanish speaking countries of South America, especially the Southern Cone (e.g. Argentina and Uruguay) and has a different conjugation.
| English Infinitive | to harden, toughen |
|---|---|
| Spanish Infinitive | endurecer |
The gerund (gerundio) is used with the continuous tenses, e.g. present continuous (está endureciendo) and past continuous (estaba endureciendo). The easiest way to think of it is the equivalent of english’s -ing form (e.g. hardening).
The past participle (participio) is used with perfect tense ‘haber’ verbs, e.g. he endurecido and hubiera endurecido. These are the equivalent of English’s ‘have’ (e.g. have hardened).
| Gerundio / Gerund | endureciendo |
|---|---|
| Participio / Past Participle | endurecido |
The basic form of speech, el indicativo is used for making statements, talking about facts, events and things that are certain and objective.
The present tense is as it sounds – it’s for talking about things that are currently going on, which are habitual, or which generally exist. In English, this would be “I harden” or “they harden”.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | endurezco |
| Tú | endureces |
| Él / Ella / Usted | endurece |
| Nosotros / as | endurecemos |
| Vosotros / as | endurecéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | endurecen |
| Vos | endurecés |
Your simple past tense, e.g. “I hardened” or “she hardened” in English.
In Spanish, there are two past tenses where just one is used in English; the pretérite infefinido is typically used to refer to a concrete, specific moment in time.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | endurecí | I hardened |
| Tú | endureciste | You hardened |
| Él / Ella / Usted | endureció | He / she / you hardened |
| Nosotros / as | endurecimos | We hardened |
| Vosotros / as | endurecisteis | You hardened |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | endurecieron | They / you hardened |
| Vos | endureciste | You hardened |
The pretérito imperfecto roughly translates as “I was hardening” or “she was hardening” in English, and is typically used to describe things and set a scene, talk about events without a specific timeframe, or talk about habitual events or states in the past.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | endurecía | I was hardening |
| Tú | endurecías | You were hardening |
| Él / Ella / Usted | endurecía | He was / she was / you were hardening |
| Nosotros / as | endurecíamos | We were hardening |
| Vosotros / as | endurecíais | You were hardening |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | endurecían | They / you were hardening |
| Vos | endurecías | You were hardening |
The perfect tense is for talking about things which happened in the past but are still related to the present or continue into the present.
In English, these use the auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘has’ – i.e. “I have hardened” and “she has hardened”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | he endurecido | I have hardened |
| Tú | has endurecido | You have hardened |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ha endurecido | He has / she has / you have hardened |
| Nosotros / as | hemos endurecido | We have hardened |
| Vosotros / as | habéis endurecido | You have hardened |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | han endurecido | They / you have hardened |
| Vos | has endurecido | You have hardened |
The conditional is used in place of the English modal verb “would”, i.e. “I would harden” or “she would harden”. It can be used to talk about hypothetical situations.
| Pronoun | Spanish | Englush |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | endurecería | I would harden |
| Tú | endurecerías | You would harden |
| Él / Ella / Usted | endurecería | He / she / you would harden |
| Nosotros / as | endureceríamos | We would harden |
| Vosotros / as | endureceríais | You would harden |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | endurecerían | They / you would harden |
| Vos | endurecerías | You would harden |
The future tense, simply put, replaces the English modal verb “will” – i.e. “I will harden” or “they will harden”.
It is more commonly used for making a hypothesis about the present. To talk about the future, Spanish speakers frequently use “ir + a + infinivo”, e.g. “van a endurecer” means “They are going to harden”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | endureceré | I will harden |
| Tú | endurecerás | You will harden |
| Él / Ella / Usted | endurecerá | He / she / you will harden |
| Nosotros / as | endureceremos | We will harden |
| Vosotros / as | endureceréis | You will harden |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | endurecerán | They / you will harden |
| Vos | endurecerás | You will harden |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | endurezca |
| Tú | endurezcas |
| Él / Ella / Usted | endurezca |
| Nosotros / as | endurezcamos |
| Vosotros / as | endurezcáis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | endurezcan |
| Vos | endurezcas |
There are two ways to form the imperfect subjunctive.
The first option sees verbs ending in -era (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ara (for -ar verbs), while the second sees verbs ending in -ese (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ase (for -ar verbs).
There is no difference between these two forms, and Spanish speakers use them interchangeably.
| Pronoun | Spanish era/ara | Spanish ese/ase |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | endureciera | endureciese |
| Tú | endurecieras | endureciese |
| Él / Ella / Usted | endureciera | endureciese |
| Nosotros / as | endureciéramos | endureciésemos |
| Vosotros / as | endurecierais | endurecieseis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | endurecieran | endureciesen |
| Vos | endurecieras | endureciese |
The future subjunctive is no longer used in modern-day Spanish, apart from in literary and legal contexts, and there is no need to learn it.
It is formed the same as the past/imperfect subjunctive, but with -e endings instead of -a endings.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | endureciere |
| Tú | endurecieres |
| Él / Ella / Usted | endureciere |
| Nosotros / as | endureciéremos |
| Vosotros / as | endureciereis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | endurecieren |
| Vos | endurecieres |
Used for forming positive and negative commands, e.g. “harden!” and “don’t harden!”.
| Pronoun | Spanish Affirmative | Spanish Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Tú | endurece | no endurezcas |
| Él / Ella / Usted | endurezca | no endurezca |
| Nosotros / as | endurezcamos | no endurezcamos |
| Vosotros / as | endureced | no endurezcáis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | endurezcan | no endurezcan |
| Vos | endurecé | no endurezcas |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | haya endurecido |
| Tú | hayas endurecido |
| Él / Ella / Usted | haya endurecido |
| Nosotros / as | hayamos endurecido |
| Vosotros / as | hayáis endurecido |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hayan endurecido |
| Vos | hayas endurecido |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiera endurecido / hubiese endurecido |
| Tú | hubieras endurecido / hubieses endurecido |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiera endurecido / hubiese endurecido |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéramos endurecido / hubiésemos endurecido |
| Vosotros / as | hubierais endurecido / hubieseis endurecido |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieran endurecido / hubiesen endurecido |
| Vos | hubieras endurecido / hubieses endurecido |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiere endurecido |
| Tú | hubieres endurecido |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiere endurecido |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéremos endurecido |
| Vosotros / as | hubiereis endurecido |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieren endurecido |
| Vos | hubieres endurecido |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | esté endureciendo |
| Tú | estés endureciendo |
| Él / Ella / Usted | esté endureciendo |
| Nosotros / as | estemos endureciendo |
| Vosotros / as | estéis endureciendo |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estén endureciendo |
| Vos | estés endureciendo |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviera endureciendo / estuviese endureciendo |
| Tú | estuvieras endureciendo / estuvieses endureciendo |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviera endureciendo / estuviese endureciendo |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéramos endureciendo / estuviésamos endureciendo |
| Vosotros / as | estuvierais endureciendo / estuvieseis endureciendo |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviera endureciendo / estuviese endureciendo |
| Vos | estuvieras endureciendo / estuvieses endureciendo |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviere endureciendo |
| Tú | estuvieres endureciendo |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviere endureciendo |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéremos endureciendo |
| Vosotros / as | estuviereis endureciendo |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviere endureciendo |
| Vos | estuvieres endureciendo |
Voseo is the practice of using ‘vos’ instead of ‘tú’ as the second-person singular pronoun, and is common throughout much of South America.
There are various versions of ‘voseo’ used throughout the Spanish-speaking world. The conjugations for the most common type – used throughout Argentina, parts of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguya and Uruguay are below.
The present indicative (presente de indicativo) and affirmative imperative (imperativo) have different conjugations from the tú form, while all other tenses generally use the tú form.
| Tense | Vos Conjugation |
|---|---|
| Present Indicative Presente de Indicativo | Vos endurecés |
| Simle Past / Preterite Preterite de Indicativo | Vos endureciste |
| Imperfect Past Preterite Imperfecto de Indicativo | Vos endurecías |
| Conditional Condicional | Vos endurecerías |
| Future Futuro de Indicativo | Vos endurecerás |
| Present Subjunctive Presente de Subjunctivo | Vos endurezcas |
| Imperfect Subjunctive Imperfecto de Subjunctivo | Vos endurecieras / Vos endureciese |
| Affirmative Imperative Imperativo | Vos endurecé |
| Negative Imperative Imperativo Negativo | Vos no endurezcas |