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Impugnar is a Spanish verb which translates into English as “to refute, impugn, contest”.
Below are all of the conjugations for impugnar in Spanish, in all three moods (indicative/indicativo, subjunctive/subjunctivo and imperative/imperativo) and all of the tenses, for each pronoun.
The vosotros pronoun is mainly used in mainland Spain, and is the informal second-person plural – it could be considered the Spanish version of “y’all”. It is rarely found in Latin America, where ustedes is used instead.
The vos form is used instead of tú in some Spanish speaking countries of South America, especially the Southern Cone (e.g. Argentina and Uruguay) and has a different conjugation.
| English Infinitive | to refute, impugn, contest |
|---|---|
| Spanish Infinitive | impugnar |
The gerund (gerundio) is used with the continuous tenses, e.g. present continuous (está impugnando) and past continuous (estaba impugnando). The easiest way to think of it is the equivalent of english’s -ing form (e.g. refuting).
The past participle (participio) is used with perfect tense ‘haber’ verbs, e.g. he impugnado and hubiera impugnado. These are the equivalent of English’s ‘have’ (e.g. have refuted).
| Gerundio / Gerund | impugnando |
|---|---|
| Participio / Past Participle | impugnado |
The basic form of speech, el indicativo is used for making statements, talking about facts, events and things that are certain and objective.
The present tense is as it sounds – it’s for talking about things that are currently going on, which are habitual, or which generally exist. In English, this would be “I refute” or “they refute”.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | impugno |
| Tú | impugnas |
| Él / Ella / Usted | impugna |
| Nosotros / as | impugnamos |
| Vosotros / as | impugnáis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | impugnan |
| Vos | impugnás |
Your simple past tense, e.g. “I refuted” or “she refuted” in English.
In Spanish, there are two past tenses where just one is used in English; the pretérite infefinido is typically used to refer to a concrete, specific moment in time.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | impugné | I refuted |
| Tú | impugnaste | You refuted |
| Él / Ella / Usted | impugnó | He / she / you refuted |
| Nosotros / as | impugnamos | We refuted |
| Vosotros / as | impugnasteis | You refuted |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | impugnaron | They / you refuted |
| Vos | impugnaste | You refuted |
The pretérito imperfecto roughly translates as “I was refuting” or “she was refuting” in English, and is typically used to describe things and set a scene, talk about events without a specific timeframe, or talk about habitual events or states in the past.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | impugnaba | I was refuting |
| Tú | impugnabas | You were refuting |
| Él / Ella / Usted | impugnaba | He was / she was / you were refuting |
| Nosotros / as | impugnábamos | We were refuting |
| Vosotros / as | impugnabais | You were refuting |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | impugnaban | They / you were refuting |
| Vos | impugnabas | You were refuting |
The perfect tense is for talking about things which happened in the past but are still related to the present or continue into the present.
In English, these use the auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘has’ – i.e. “I have refuted” and “she has refuted”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | he impugnado | I have refuted |
| Tú | has impugnado | You have refuted |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ha impugnado | He has / she has / you have refuted |
| Nosotros / as | hemos impugnado | We have refuted |
| Vosotros / as | habéis impugnado | You have refuted |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | han impugnado | They / you have refuted |
| Vos | has impugnado | You have refuted |
The conditional is used in place of the English modal verb “would”, i.e. “I would refute” or “she would refute”. It can be used to talk about hypothetical situations.
| Pronoun | Spanish | Englush |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | impugnaría | I would refute |
| Tú | impugnarías | You would refute |
| Él / Ella / Usted | impugnaría | He / she / you would refute |
| Nosotros / as | impugnaríamos | We would refute |
| Vosotros / as | impugnaríais | You would refute |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | impugnarían | They / you would refute |
| Vos | impugnarías | You would refute |
The future tense, simply put, replaces the English modal verb “will” – i.e. “I will refute” or “they will refute”.
It is more commonly used for making a hypothesis about the present. To talk about the future, Spanish speakers frequently use “ir + a + infinivo”, e.g. “van a impugnar” means “They are going to refute”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | impugnaré | I will refute |
| Tú | impugnarás | You will refute |
| Él / Ella / Usted | impugnará | He / she / you will refute |
| Nosotros / as | impugnaremos | We will refute |
| Vosotros / as | impugnaréis | You will refute |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | impugnarán | They / you will refute |
| Vos | impugnarás | You will refute |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | impugne |
| Tú | impugnes |
| Él / Ella / Usted | impugne |
| Nosotros / as | impugnemos |
| Vosotros / as | impugnéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | impugnen |
| Vos | impugnes |
There are two ways to form the imperfect subjunctive.
The first option sees verbs ending in -era (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ara (for -ar verbs), while the second sees verbs ending in -ese (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ase (for -ar verbs).
There is no difference between these two forms, and Spanish speakers use them interchangeably.
| Pronoun | Spanish era/ara | Spanish ese/ase |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | impugnara | impugnase |
| Tú | impugnaras | impugnase |
| Él / Ella / Usted | impugnara | impugnase |
| Nosotros / as | impugnáramos | impugnásemos |
| Vosotros / as | impugnarais | impugnaseis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | impugnaran | impugnasen |
| Vos | impugnaras | impugnase |
The future subjunctive is no longer used in modern-day Spanish, apart from in literary and legal contexts, and there is no need to learn it.
It is formed the same as the past/imperfect subjunctive, but with -e endings instead of -a endings.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | impugnare |
| Tú | impugnares |
| Él / Ella / Usted | impugnare |
| Nosotros / as | impugnáremos |
| Vosotros / as | impugnareis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | impugnaren |
| Vos | impugnares |
Used for forming positive and negative commands, e.g. “refute!” and “don’t refute!”.
| Pronoun | Spanish Affirmative | Spanish Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Tú | impugna | no impugnes |
| Él / Ella / Usted | impugne | no impugne |
| Nosotros / as | impugnemos | no impugnemos |
| Vosotros / as | impugnad | no impugnéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | impugnen | no impugnen |
| Vos | impugná | no impugnes |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | haya impugnado |
| Tú | hayas impugnado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | haya impugnado |
| Nosotros / as | hayamos impugnado |
| Vosotros / as | hayáis impugnado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hayan impugnado |
| Vos | hayas impugnado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiera impugnado / hubiese impugnado |
| Tú | hubieras impugnado / hubieses impugnado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiera impugnado / hubiese impugnado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéramos impugnado / hubiésemos impugnado |
| Vosotros / as | hubierais impugnado / hubieseis impugnado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieran impugnado / hubiesen impugnado |
| Vos | hubieras impugnado / hubieses impugnado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiere impugnado |
| Tú | hubieres impugnado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiere impugnado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéremos impugnado |
| Vosotros / as | hubiereis impugnado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieren impugnado |
| Vos | hubieres impugnado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | esté impugnando |
| Tú | estés impugnando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | esté impugnando |
| Nosotros / as | estemos impugnando |
| Vosotros / as | estéis impugnando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estén impugnando |
| Vos | estés impugnando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviera impugnando / estuviese impugnando |
| Tú | estuvieras impugnando / estuvieses impugnando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviera impugnando / estuviese impugnando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéramos impugnando / estuviésamos impugnando |
| Vosotros / as | estuvierais impugnando / estuvieseis impugnando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviera impugnando / estuviese impugnando |
| Vos | estuvieras impugnando / estuvieses impugnando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviere impugnando |
| Tú | estuvieres impugnando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviere impugnando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéremos impugnando |
| Vosotros / as | estuviereis impugnando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviere impugnando |
| Vos | estuvieres impugnando |
Voseo is the practice of using ‘vos’ instead of ‘tú’ as the second-person singular pronoun, and is common throughout much of South America.
There are various versions of ‘voseo’ used throughout the Spanish-speaking world. The conjugations for the most common type – used throughout Argentina, parts of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguya and Uruguay are below.
The present indicative (presente de indicativo) and affirmative imperative (imperativo) have different conjugations from the tú form, while all other tenses generally use the tú form.
| Tense | Vos Conjugation |
|---|---|
| Present Indicative Presente de Indicativo | Vos impugnás |
| Simle Past / Preterite Preterite de Indicativo | Vos impugnaste |
| Imperfect Past Preterite Imperfecto de Indicativo | Vos impugnabas |
| Conditional Condicional | Vos impugnarías |
| Future Futuro de Indicativo | Vos impugnarás |
| Present Subjunctive Presente de Subjunctivo | Vos impugnes |
| Imperfect Subjunctive Imperfecto de Subjunctivo | Vos impugnaras / Vos impugnase |
| Affirmative Imperative Imperativo | Vos impugná |
| Negative Imperative Imperativo Negativo | Vos no impugnes |