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Incluir is a Spanish verb which translates into English as “to include, contain”.
Below are all of the conjugations for incluir in Spanish, in all three moods (indicative/indicativo, subjunctive/subjunctivo and imperative/imperativo) and all of the tenses, for each pronoun.
The vosotros pronoun is mainly used in mainland Spain, and is the informal second-person plural – it could be considered the Spanish version of “y’all”. It is rarely found in Latin America, where ustedes is used instead.
The vos form is used instead of tú in some Spanish speaking countries of South America, especially the Southern Cone (e.g. Argentina and Uruguay) and has a different conjugation.
| English Infinitive | to include, contain |
|---|---|
| Spanish Infinitive | incluir |
The gerund (gerundio) is used with the continuous tenses, e.g. present continuous (está incluyendo) and past continuous (estaba incluyendo). The easiest way to think of it is the equivalent of english’s -ing form (e.g. including).
The past participle (participio) is used with perfect tense ‘haber’ verbs, e.g. he incluido and hubiera incluido. These are the equivalent of English’s ‘have’ (e.g. have included).
| Gerundio / Gerund | incluyendo |
|---|---|
| Participio / Past Participle | incluido |
The basic form of speech, el indicativo is used for making statements, talking about facts, events and things that are certain and objective.
The present tense is as it sounds – it’s for talking about things that are currently going on, which are habitual, or which generally exist. In English, this would be “I include” or “they include”.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | incluyo |
| Tú | incluyes |
| Él / Ella / Usted | incluye |
| Nosotros / as | incluimos |
| Vosotros / as | incluís |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | incluyen |
| Vos | incluís |
Your simple past tense, e.g. “I included” or “she included” in English.
In Spanish, there are two past tenses where just one is used in English; the pretérite infefinido is typically used to refer to a concrete, specific moment in time.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | incluí | I included |
| Tú | incluiste | You included |
| Él / Ella / Usted | incluyó | He / she / you included |
| Nosotros / as | incluimos | We included |
| Vosotros / as | incluisteis | You included |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | incluyeron | They / you included |
| Vos | incluiste | You included |
The pretérito imperfecto roughly translates as “I was including” or “she was including” in English, and is typically used to describe things and set a scene, talk about events without a specific timeframe, or talk about habitual events or states in the past.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | incluía | I was including |
| Tú | incluías | You were including |
| Él / Ella / Usted | incluía | He was / she was / you were including |
| Nosotros / as | incluíamos | We were including |
| Vosotros / as | incluíais | You were including |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | incluían | They / you were including |
| Vos | incluías | You were including |
The perfect tense is for talking about things which happened in the past but are still related to the present or continue into the present.
In English, these use the auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘has’ – i.e. “I have included” and “she has included”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | he incluido | I have included |
| Tú | has incluido | You have included |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ha incluido | He has / she has / you have included |
| Nosotros / as | hemos incluido | We have included |
| Vosotros / as | habéis incluido | You have included |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | han incluido | They / you have included |
| Vos | has incluido | You have included |
The conditional is used in place of the English modal verb “would”, i.e. “I would include” or “she would include”. It can be used to talk about hypothetical situations.
| Pronoun | Spanish | Englush |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | incluiría | I would include |
| Tú | incluirías | You would include |
| Él / Ella / Usted | incluiría | He / she / you would include |
| Nosotros / as | incluiríamos | We would include |
| Vosotros / as | incluiríais | You would include |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | incluirían | They / you would include |
| Vos | incluirías | You would include |
The future tense, simply put, replaces the English modal verb “will” – i.e. “I will include” or “they will include”.
It is more commonly used for making a hypothesis about the present. To talk about the future, Spanish speakers frequently use “ir + a + infinivo”, e.g. “van a incluir” means “They are going to include”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | incluiré | I will include |
| Tú | incluirás | You will include |
| Él / Ella / Usted | incluirá | He / she / you will include |
| Nosotros / as | incluiremos | We will include |
| Vosotros / as | incluiréis | You will include |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | incluirán | They / you will include |
| Vos | incluirás | You will include |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | incluya |
| Tú | incluyas |
| Él / Ella / Usted | incluya |
| Nosotros / as | incluyamos |
| Vosotros / as | incluyáis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | incluyan |
| Vos | incluyas |
There are two ways to form the imperfect subjunctive.
The first option sees verbs ending in -era (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ara (for -ar verbs), while the second sees verbs ending in -ese (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ase (for -ar verbs).
There is no difference between these two forms, and Spanish speakers use them interchangeably.
| Pronoun | Spanish era/ara | Spanish ese/ase |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | incluyera | incluyese |
| Tú | incluyeras | incluyese |
| Él / Ella / Usted | incluyera | incluyese |
| Nosotros / as | incluyéramos | incluyésemos |
| Vosotros / as | incluyerais | incluyeseis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | incluyeran | incluyesen |
| Vos | incluyeras | incluyese |
The future subjunctive is no longer used in modern-day Spanish, apart from in literary and legal contexts, and there is no need to learn it.
It is formed the same as the past/imperfect subjunctive, but with -e endings instead of -a endings.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | incluyere |
| Tú | incluyeres |
| Él / Ella / Usted | incluyera |
| Nosotros / as | incluyéremos |
| Vosotros / as | incluyereis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | incluyeren |
| Vos | incluyeres |
Used for forming positive and negative commands, e.g. “include!” and “don’t include!”.
| Pronoun | Spanish Affirmative | Spanish Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Tú | incluye | no incluyas |
| Él / Ella / Usted | incluya | no incluya |
| Nosotros / as | incluyamos | no incluyamos |
| Vosotros / as | incluid | no incluyáis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | incluyan | no incluyan |
| Vos | incluí | no incluyas |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | haya incluido |
| Tú | hayas incluido |
| Él / Ella / Usted | haya incluido |
| Nosotros / as | hayamos incluido |
| Vosotros / as | hayáis incluido |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hayan incluido |
| Vos | hayas incluido |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiera incluido / hubiese incluido |
| Tú | hubieras incluido / hubieses incluido |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiera incluido / hubiese incluido |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéramos incluido / hubiésemos incluido |
| Vosotros / as | hubierais incluido / hubieseis incluido |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieran incluido / hubiesen incluido |
| Vos | hubieras incluido / hubieses incluido |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiere incluido |
| Tú | hubieres incluido |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiere incluido |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéremos incluido |
| Vosotros / as | hubiereis incluido |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieren incluido |
| Vos | hubieres incluido |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | esté incluyendo |
| Tú | estés incluyendo |
| Él / Ella / Usted | esté incluyendo |
| Nosotros / as | estemos incluyendo |
| Vosotros / as | estéis incluyendo |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estén incluyendo |
| Vos | estés incluyendo |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviera incluyendo / estuviese incluyendo |
| Tú | estuvieras incluyendo / estuvieses incluyendo |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviera incluyendo / estuviese incluyendo |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéramos incluyendo / estuviésamos incluyendo |
| Vosotros / as | estuvierais incluyendo / estuvieseis incluyendo |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviera incluyendo / estuviese incluyendo |
| Vos | estuvieras incluyendo / estuvieses incluyendo |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviere incluyendo |
| Tú | estuvieres incluyendo |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviere incluyendo |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéremos incluyendo |
| Vosotros / as | estuviereis incluyendo |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviere incluyendo |
| Vos | estuvieres incluyendo |
Voseo is the practice of using ‘vos’ instead of ‘tú’ as the second-person singular pronoun, and is common throughout much of South America.
There are various versions of ‘voseo’ used throughout the Spanish-speaking world. The conjugations for the most common type – used throughout Argentina, parts of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguya and Uruguay are below.
The present indicative (presente de indicativo) and affirmative imperative (imperativo) have different conjugations from the tú form, while all other tenses generally use the tú form.
| Tense | Vos Conjugation |
|---|---|
| Present Indicative Presente de Indicativo | Vos incluís |
| Simle Past / Preterite Preterite de Indicativo | Vos incluiste |
| Imperfect Past Preterite Imperfecto de Indicativo | Vos incluías |
| Conditional Condicional | Vos incluirías |
| Future Futuro de Indicativo | Vos incluirás |
| Present Subjunctive Presente de Subjunctivo | Vos incluyas |
| Imperfect Subjunctive Imperfecto de Subjunctivo | Vos incluyeras / Vos incluyese |
| Affirmative Imperative Imperativo | Vos incluí |
| Negative Imperative Imperativo Negativo | Vos no incluyas |