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Incurrir is a Spanish verb which translates into English as “to incur, commit”.
Below are all of the conjugations for incurrir in Spanish, in all three moods (indicative/indicativo, subjunctive/subjunctivo and imperative/imperativo) and all of the tenses, for each pronoun.
The vosotros pronoun is mainly used in mainland Spain, and is the informal second-person plural – it could be considered the Spanish version of “y’all”. It is rarely found in Latin America, where ustedes is used instead.
The vos form is used instead of tú in some Spanish speaking countries of South America, especially the Southern Cone (e.g. Argentina and Uruguay) and has a different conjugation.
| English Infinitive | to incur, commit |
|---|---|
| Spanish Infinitive | incurrir |
The gerund (gerundio) is used with the continuous tenses, e.g. present continuous (está incurriendo) and past continuous (estaba incurriendo). The easiest way to think of it is the equivalent of english’s -ing form (e.g. incurring).
The past participle (participio) is used with perfect tense ‘haber’ verbs, e.g. he incurrido and hubiera incurrido. These are the equivalent of English’s ‘have’ (e.g. have incurred).
| Gerundio / Gerund | incurriendo |
|---|---|
| Participio / Past Participle | incurrido |
The basic form of speech, el indicativo is used for making statements, talking about facts, events and things that are certain and objective.
The present tense is as it sounds – it’s for talking about things that are currently going on, which are habitual, or which generally exist. In English, this would be “I incur” or “they incur”.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | incurro |
| Tú | incurres |
| Él / Ella / Usted | incurre |
| Nosotros / as | incurrimos |
| Vosotros / as | incurrís |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | incurren |
| Vos | incurris |
Your simple past tense, e.g. “I incurred” or “she incurred” in English.
In Spanish, there are two past tenses where just one is used in English; the pretérite infefinido is typically used to refer to a concrete, specific moment in time.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | incurrí | I incurred |
| Tú | incurriste | You incurred |
| Él / Ella / Usted | incurrió | He / she / you incurred |
| Nosotros / as | incurrimos | We incurred |
| Vosotros / as | incurristeis | You incurred |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | incurrieron | They / you incurred |
| Vos | incurriste | You incurred |
The pretérito imperfecto roughly translates as “I was incurring” or “she was incurring” in English, and is typically used to describe things and set a scene, talk about events without a specific timeframe, or talk about habitual events or states in the past.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | incurría | I was incurring |
| Tú | incurrías | You were incurring |
| Él / Ella / Usted | incurría | He was / she was / you were incurring |
| Nosotros / as | incurríamos | We were incurring |
| Vosotros / as | incurríais | You were incurring |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | incurrían | They / you were incurring |
| Vos | incurrías | You were incurring |
The perfect tense is for talking about things which happened in the past but are still related to the present or continue into the present.
In English, these use the auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘has’ – i.e. “I have incurred” and “she has incurred”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | he incurrido | I have incurred |
| Tú | has incurrido | You have incurred |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ha incurrido | He has / she has / you have incurred |
| Nosotros / as | hemos incurrido | We have incurred |
| Vosotros / as | habéis incurrido | You have incurred |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | han incurrido | They / you have incurred |
| Vos | has incurrido | You have incurred |
The conditional is used in place of the English modal verb “would”, i.e. “I would incur” or “she would incur”. It can be used to talk about hypothetical situations.
| Pronoun | Spanish | Englush |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | incurriría | I would incur |
| Tú | incurrirías | You would incur |
| Él / Ella / Usted | incurriría | He / she / you would incur |
| Nosotros / as | incurriríamos | We would incur |
| Vosotros / as | incurriríais | You would incur |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | incurrirían | They / you would incur |
| Vos | incurrirías | You would incur |
The future tense, simply put, replaces the English modal verb “will” – i.e. “I will incur” or “they will incur”.
It is more commonly used for making a hypothesis about the present. To talk about the future, Spanish speakers frequently use “ir + a + infinivo”, e.g. “van a incurrir” means “They are going to incur”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | incurriré | I will incur |
| Tú | incurrirás | You will incur |
| Él / Ella / Usted | incurrirá | He / she / you will incur |
| Nosotros / as | incurriremos | We will incur |
| Vosotros / as | incurriréis | You will incur |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | incurrirán | They / you will incur |
| Vos | incurrirás | You will incur |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | incurra |
| Tú | incurras |
| Él / Ella / Usted | incurra |
| Nosotros / as | incurramos |
| Vosotros / as | incurráis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | incurran |
| Vos | incurras |
There are two ways to form the imperfect subjunctive.
The first option sees verbs ending in -era (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ara (for -ar verbs), while the second sees verbs ending in -ese (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ase (for -ar verbs).
There is no difference between these two forms, and Spanish speakers use them interchangeably.
| Pronoun | Spanish era/ara | Spanish ese/ase |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | incurriera | incurriese |
| Tú | incurrieras | incurriese |
| Él / Ella / Usted | incurriera | incurriese |
| Nosotros / as | incurriéramos | incurriésemos |
| Vosotros / as | incurrierais | incurrieseis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | incurrieran | incurriesen |
| Vos | incurrieras | incurriese |
The future subjunctive is no longer used in modern-day Spanish, apart from in literary and legal contexts, and there is no need to learn it.
It is formed the same as the past/imperfect subjunctive, but with -e endings instead of -a endings.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | incurriere |
| Tú | incurrieres |
| Él / Ella / Usted | incurriera |
| Nosotros / as | incurriéremos |
| Vosotros / as | incurriereis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | incurrieren |
| Vos | incurrieres |
Used for forming positive and negative commands, e.g. “incur!” and “don’t incur!”.
| Pronoun | Spanish Affirmative | Spanish Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Tú | incurre | no incurras |
| Él / Ella / Usted | incurra | no incurra |
| Nosotros / as | incurramos | no incurramos |
| Vosotros / as | incurrid | no incurráis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | incurran | no incurran |
| Vos | incurrí | no incurras |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | haya incurrido |
| Tú | hayas incurrido |
| Él / Ella / Usted | haya incurrido |
| Nosotros / as | hayamos incurrido |
| Vosotros / as | hayáis incurrido |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hayan incurrido |
| Vos | hayas incurrido |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiera incurrido / hubiese incurrido |
| Tú | hubieras incurrido / hubieses incurrido |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiera incurrido / hubiese incurrido |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéramos incurrido / hubiésemos incurrido |
| Vosotros / as | hubierais incurrido / hubieseis incurrido |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieran incurrido / hubiesen incurrido |
| Vos | hubieras incurrido / hubieses incurrido |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiere incurrido |
| Tú | hubieres incurrido |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiere incurrido |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéremos incurrido |
| Vosotros / as | hubiereis incurrido |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieren incurrido |
| Vos | hubieres incurrido |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | esté incurriendo |
| Tú | estés incurriendo |
| Él / Ella / Usted | esté incurriendo |
| Nosotros / as | estemos incurriendo |
| Vosotros / as | estéis incurriendo |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estén incurriendo |
| Vos | estés incurriendo |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviera incurriendo / estuviese incurriendo |
| Tú | estuvieras incurriendo / estuvieses incurriendo |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviera incurriendo / estuviese incurriendo |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéramos incurriendo / estuviésamos incurriendo |
| Vosotros / as | estuvierais incurriendo / estuvieseis incurriendo |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviera incurriendo / estuviese incurriendo |
| Vos | estuvieras incurriendo / estuvieses incurriendo |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviere incurriendo |
| Tú | estuvieres incurriendo |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviere incurriendo |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéremos incurriendo |
| Vosotros / as | estuviereis incurriendo |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviere incurriendo |
| Vos | estuvieres incurriendo |
Voseo is the practice of using ‘vos’ instead of ‘tú’ as the second-person singular pronoun, and is common throughout much of South America.
There are various versions of ‘voseo’ used throughout the Spanish-speaking world. The conjugations for the most common type – used throughout Argentina, parts of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguya and Uruguay are below.
The present indicative (presente de indicativo) and affirmative imperative (imperativo) have different conjugations from the tú form, while all other tenses generally use the tú form.
| Tense | Vos Conjugation |
|---|---|
| Present Indicative Presente de Indicativo | Vos incurris |
| Simle Past / Preterite Preterite de Indicativo | Vos incurriste |
| Imperfect Past Preterite Imperfecto de Indicativo | Vos incurrías |
| Conditional Condicional | Vos incurrirías |
| Future Futuro de Indicativo | Vos incurrirás |
| Present Subjunctive Presente de Subjunctivo | Vos incurras |
| Imperfect Subjunctive Imperfecto de Subjunctivo | Vos incurrieras / Vos incurriese |
| Affirmative Imperative Imperativo | Vos incurrí |
| Negative Imperative Imperativo Negativo | Vos no incurras |