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Afligirse is a Spanish verb which translates into English as “to grieve, be upset”.
It’s a reflexive verb, which means the subject performs the action upon themselves – e.g. “I wake myself”.
Reflexive verbs always carry a reflexive pronoun – me, te, se, nos or os – which is often placed before the conjugated verb (e.g. me aflijo) or after the infinitive (e.g. Él tiene que afligirse).
Below are all of the conjugations for afligirse in Spanish, in all three moods (indicative/indicativo, subjunctive/subjunctivo and imperative/imperativo) and all of the tenses, for each pronoun.
The vosotros pronoun is mainly used in mainland Spain, and is the informal second-person plural – it could be considered the Spanish version of “y’all”. It is rarely found in Latin America, where ustedes is used instead.
The vos form is used instead of tú in some Spanish speaking countries of South America, especially the Southern Cone (e.g. Argentina and Uruguay) and has a different conjugation.
| English Infinitive | to grieve, be upset |
|---|---|
| Spanish Infinitive | afligirse |
The gerund (gerundio) is used with the continuous tenses, e.g. present continuous (está afligiéndose) and past continuous (estaba afligiéndose). The easiest way to think of it is the equivalent of english’s -ing form (e.g. grieving).
The past participle (participio) is used with perfect tense ‘haber’ verbs, e.g. he afligido and hubiera afligido. These are the equivalent of English’s ‘have’ (e.g. have grieved).
| Gerundio / Gerund | afligiéndose |
|---|---|
| Participio / Past Participle | afligido |
The basic form of speech, el indicativo is used for making statements, talking about facts, events and things that are certain and objective.
The present tense is as it sounds – it’s for talking about things that are currently going on, which are habitual, or which generally exist. In English, this would be “I grieve” or “they grieve”.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | me aflijo |
| Tú | te afliges |
| Él / Ella / Usted | se aflige |
| Nosotros / as | nos afligimos |
| Vosotros / as | os afligís |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | se afligen |
| Vos | te afligís |
Your simple past tense, e.g. “I grieved” or “she grieved” in English.
In Spanish, there are two past tenses where just one is used in English; the pretérite infefinido is typically used to refer to a concrete, specific moment in time.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | me afligí | I grieved |
| Tú | te afligiste | You grieved |
| Él / Ella / Usted | se afligió | He / she / you grieved |
| Nosotros / as | nos afligimos | We grieved |
| Vosotros / as | os afligisteis | You grieved |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | se afligieron | They / you grieved |
| Vos | te afligiste | You grieved |
The pretérito imperfecto roughly translates as “I was grieving” or “she was grieving” in English, and is typically used to describe things and set a scene, talk about events without a specific timeframe, or talk about habitual events or states in the past.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | me afligía | I was grieving |
| Tú | te afligías | You were grieving |
| Él / Ella / Usted | se afligía | He was / she was / you were grieving |
| Nosotros / as | nos afligíamos | We were grieving |
| Vosotros / as | os afligíais | You were grieving |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | se afligían | They / you were grieving |
| Vos | te afligías | You were grieving |
The perfect tense is for talking about things which happened in the past but are still related to the present or continue into the present.
In English, these use the auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘has’ – i.e. “I have grieved” and “she has grieved”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | me he afligido | I have grieved |
| Tú | te has afligido | You have grieved |
| Él / Ella / Usted | se ha afligido | He has / she has / you have grieved |
| Nosotros / as | nos hemos afligido | We have grieved |
| Vosotros / as | os habéis afligido | You have grieved |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | se han afligido | They / you have grieved |
| Vos | te has afligido | You have grieved |
The conditional is used in place of the English modal verb “would”, i.e. “I would grieve” or “she would grieve”. It can be used to talk about hypothetical situations.
| Pronoun | Spanish | Englush |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | me afligiría | I would grieve |
| Tú | te afligirías | You would grieve |
| Él / Ella / Usted | se afligiría | He / she / you would grieve |
| Nosotros / as | nos afligiríamos | We would grieve |
| Vosotros / as | os afligiríais | You would grieve |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | se afligirían | They / you would grieve |
| Vos | te afligirías | You would grieve |
The future tense, simply put, replaces the English modal verb “will” – i.e. “I will grieve” or “they will grieve”.
It is more commonly used for making a hypothesis about the present. To talk about the future, Spanish speakers frequently use “ir + a + infinivo”, e.g. “van a afligirse” means “They are going to grieve”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | me afligiré | I will grieve |
| Tú | te afligirás | You will grieve |
| Él / Ella / Usted | se afligirá | He / she / you will grieve |
| Nosotros / as | nos afligiremos | We will grieve |
| Vosotros / as | os afligiréis | You will grieve |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | se afligirán | They / you will grieve |
| Vos | te afligirás | You will grieve |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | me aflija |
| Tú | te aflijas |
| Él / Ella / Usted | se aflija |
| Nosotros / as | nos aflijamos |
| Vosotros / as | os aflijáis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | se aflijan |
| Vos | te aflijas |
There are two ways to form the imperfect subjunctive.
The first option sees verbs ending in -era (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ara (for -ar verbs), while the second sees verbs ending in -ese (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ase (for -ar verbs).
There is no difference between these two forms, and Spanish speakers use them interchangeably.
| Pronoun | Spanish era/ara | Spanish ese/ase |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | me afligiera | me afligiese |
| Tú | te afligieras | me afligiese |
| Él / Ella / Usted | se afligiera | se afligiese |
| Nosotros / as | nos afligiéramos | nos afligiésemos |
| Vosotros / as | os afligierais | os afligieseis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | se afligieran | se afligiesen |
| Vos | te afligieras | me afligiese |
The future subjunctive is no longer used in modern-day Spanish, apart from in literary and legal contexts, and there is no need to learn it.
It is formed the same as the past/imperfect subjunctive, but with -e endings instead of -a endings.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | me afligiere |
| Tú | te afligieres |
| Él / Ella / Usted | se afligiera |
| Nosotros / as | nos afligiéremos |
| Vosotros / as | os afligiereis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | se afligieren |
| Vos | te afligieres |
Used for forming positive and negative commands, e.g. “grieve!” and “don’t grieve!”.
| Pronoun | Spanish Affirmative | Spanish Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Tú | aflígete | no te aflijas |
| Él / Ella / Usted | aflíjase | no se aflija |
| Nosotros / as | aflijámonos | no nos aflijamos |
| Vosotros / as | afligíos | no os aflijáis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | aflíjanse | no se aflijan |
| Vos | afligite | no te aflijas |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | haya afligido |
| Tú | hayas afligido |
| Él / Ella / Usted | haya afligido |
| Nosotros / as | hayamos afligido |
| Vosotros / as | hayáis afligido |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hayan afligido |
| Vos | hayas afligido |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiera afligido / hubiese afligido |
| Tú | hubieras afligido / hubieses afligido |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiera afligido / hubiese afligido |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéramos afligido / hubiésemos afligido |
| Vosotros / as | hubierais afligido / hubieseis afligido |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieran afligido / hubiesen afligido |
| Vos | hubieras afligido / hubieses afligido |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiere afligido |
| Tú | hubieres afligido |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiere afligido |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéremos afligido |
| Vosotros / as | hubiereis afligido |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieren afligido |
| Vos | hubieres afligido |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | esté afligiéndose |
| Tú | estés afligiéndose |
| Él / Ella / Usted | esté afligiéndose |
| Nosotros / as | estemos afligiéndose |
| Vosotros / as | estéis afligiéndose |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estén afligiéndose |
| Vos | estés afligiéndose |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviera afligiéndose / estuviese afligiéndose |
| Tú | estuvieras afligiéndose / estuvieses afligiéndose |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviera afligiéndose / estuviese afligiéndose |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéramos afligiéndose / estuviésamos afligiéndose |
| Vosotros / as | estuvierais afligiéndose / estuvieseis afligiéndose |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviera afligiéndose / estuviese afligiéndose |
| Vos | estuvieras afligiéndose / estuvieses afligiéndose |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviere afligiéndose |
| Tú | estuvieres afligiéndose |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviere afligiéndose |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéremos afligiéndose |
| Vosotros / as | estuviereis afligiéndose |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviere afligiéndose |
| Vos | estuvieres afligiéndose |
Voseo is the practice of using ‘vos’ instead of ‘tú’ as the second-person singular pronoun, and is common throughout much of South America.
There are various versions of ‘voseo’ used throughout the Spanish-speaking world. The conjugations for the most common type – used throughout Argentina, parts of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguya and Uruguay are below.
The present indicative (presente de indicativo) and affirmative imperative (imperativo) have different conjugations from the tú form, while all other tenses generally use the tú form.
| Tense | Vos Conjugation |
|---|---|
| Present Indicative Presente de Indicativo | Vos te afligís |
| Simle Past / Preterite Preterite de Indicativo | Vos te afligiste |
| Imperfect Past Preterite Imperfecto de Indicativo | Vos te afligías |
| Conditional Condicional | Vos te afligirías |
| Future Futuro de Indicativo | Vos te afligirás |
| Present Subjunctive Presente de Subjunctivo | Vos te aflijas |
| Imperfect Subjunctive Imperfecto de Subjunctivo | Vos te afligieras / Vos me afligiese |
| Affirmative Imperative Imperativo | Vos afligite |
| Negative Imperative Imperativo Negativo | Vos no te aflijas |