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Aturdir is a Spanish verb which translates into English as “to daze, stun, bewilder, confuse”.
Below are all of the conjugations for aturdir in Spanish, in all three moods (indicative/indicativo, subjunctive/subjunctivo and imperative/imperativo) and all of the tenses, for each pronoun.
The vosotros pronoun is mainly used in mainland Spain, and is the informal second-person plural – it could be considered the Spanish version of “y’all”. It is rarely found in Latin America, where ustedes is used instead.
The vos form is used instead of tú in some Spanish speaking countries of South America, especially the Southern Cone (e.g. Argentina and Uruguay) and has a different conjugation.
| English Infinitive | to daze, stun, bewilder, confuse |
|---|---|
| Spanish Infinitive | aturdir |
The gerund (gerundio) is used with the continuous tenses, e.g. present continuous (está aturdiendo) and past continuous (estaba aturdiendo). The easiest way to think of it is the equivalent of english’s -ing form (e.g. bewildering).
The past participle (participio) is used with perfect tense ‘haber’ verbs, e.g. he aturdido and hubiera aturdido. These are the equivalent of English’s ‘have’ (e.g. have bewildered).
| Gerundio / Gerund | aturdiendo |
|---|---|
| Participio / Past Participle | aturdido |
The basic form of speech, el indicativo is used for making statements, talking about facts, events and things that are certain and objective.
The present tense is as it sounds – it’s for talking about things that are currently going on, which are habitual, or which generally exist. In English, this would be “I bewilder” or “they bewilder”.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | aturdo |
| Tú | aturdes |
| Él / Ella / Usted | aturde |
| Nosotros / as | aturdimos |
| Vosotros / as | aturdís |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | aturden |
| Vos | aturdís |
Your simple past tense, e.g. “I bewildered” or “she bewildered” in English.
In Spanish, there are two past tenses where just one is used in English; the pretérite infefinido is typically used to refer to a concrete, specific moment in time.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | aturdí | I bewildered |
| Tú | aturdiste | You bewildered |
| Él / Ella / Usted | aturdió | He / she / you bewildered |
| Nosotros / as | aturdimos | We bewildered |
| Vosotros / as | aturdisteis | You bewildered |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | aturdieron | They / you bewildered |
| Vos | aturdiste | You bewildered |
The pretérito imperfecto roughly translates as “I was bewildering” or “she was bewildering” in English, and is typically used to describe things and set a scene, talk about events without a specific timeframe, or talk about habitual events or states in the past.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | aturdía | I was bewildering |
| Tú | aturdías | You were bewildering |
| Él / Ella / Usted | aturdía | He was / she was / you were bewildering |
| Nosotros / as | aturdíamos | We were bewildering |
| Vosotros / as | aturdíais | You were bewildering |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | aturdían | They / you were bewildering |
| Vos | aturdías | You were bewildering |
The perfect tense is for talking about things which happened in the past but are still related to the present or continue into the present.
In English, these use the auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘has’ – i.e. “I have bewildered” and “she has bewildered”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | he aturdido | I have bewildered |
| Tú | has aturdido | You have bewildered |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ha aturdido | He has / she has / you have bewildered |
| Nosotros / as | hemos aturdido | We have bewildered |
| Vosotros / as | habéis aturdido | You have bewildered |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | han aturdido | They / you have bewildered |
| Vos | has aturdido | You have bewildered |
The conditional is used in place of the English modal verb “would”, i.e. “I would bewilder” or “she would bewilder”. It can be used to talk about hypothetical situations.
| Pronoun | Spanish | Englush |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | aturdiría | I would bewilder |
| Tú | aturdirías | You would bewilder |
| Él / Ella / Usted | aturdiría | He / she / you would bewilder |
| Nosotros / as | aturdiríamos | We would bewilder |
| Vosotros / as | aturdiríais | You would bewilder |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | aturdirían | They / you would bewilder |
| Vos | aturdirías | You would bewilder |
The future tense, simply put, replaces the English modal verb “will” – i.e. “I will bewilder” or “they will bewilder”.
It is more commonly used for making a hypothesis about the present. To talk about the future, Spanish speakers frequently use “ir + a + infinivo”, e.g. “van a aturdir” means “They are going to bewilder”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | aturdiré | I will bewilder |
| Tú | aturdirás | You will bewilder |
| Él / Ella / Usted | aturdirá | He / she / you will bewilder |
| Nosotros / as | aturdiremos | We will bewilder |
| Vosotros / as | aturdiréis | You will bewilder |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | aturdirán | They / you will bewilder |
| Vos | aturdirás | You will bewilder |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | aturda |
| Tú | aturdas |
| Él / Ella / Usted | aturda |
| Nosotros / as | aturdamos |
| Vosotros / as | aturdáis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | aturdan |
| Vos | aturdas |
There are two ways to form the imperfect subjunctive.
The first option sees verbs ending in -era (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ara (for -ar verbs), while the second sees verbs ending in -ese (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ase (for -ar verbs).
There is no difference between these two forms, and Spanish speakers use them interchangeably.
| Pronoun | Spanish era/ara | Spanish ese/ase |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | aturdiera | aturdiese |
| Tú | aturdieras | aturdiese |
| Él / Ella / Usted | aturdiera | aturdiese |
| Nosotros / as | aturdiéramos | aturdiésemos |
| Vosotros / as | aturdierais | aturdieseis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | aturdieran | aturdiesen |
| Vos | aturdieras | aturdiese |
The future subjunctive is no longer used in modern-day Spanish, apart from in literary and legal contexts, and there is no need to learn it.
It is formed the same as the past/imperfect subjunctive, but with -e endings instead of -a endings.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | aturdiere |
| Tú | aturdieres |
| Él / Ella / Usted | aturdiera |
| Nosotros / as | aturdiéremos |
| Vosotros / as | aturdiereis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | aturdieren |
| Vos | aturdieres |
Used for forming positive and negative commands, e.g. “bewilder!” and “don’t bewilder!”.
| Pronoun | Spanish Affirmative | Spanish Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Tú | aturde | no aturdas |
| Él / Ella / Usted | aturda | no aturda |
| Nosotros / as | aturdamos | no aturdamos |
| Vosotros / as | aturdid | no aturdáis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | aturdan | no aturdan |
| Vos | aturdí | no aturdas |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | haya aturdido |
| Tú | hayas aturdido |
| Él / Ella / Usted | haya aturdido |
| Nosotros / as | hayamos aturdido |
| Vosotros / as | hayáis aturdido |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hayan aturdido |
| Vos | hayas aturdido |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiera aturdido / hubiese aturdido |
| Tú | hubieras aturdido / hubieses aturdido |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiera aturdido / hubiese aturdido |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéramos aturdido / hubiésemos aturdido |
| Vosotros / as | hubierais aturdido / hubieseis aturdido |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieran aturdido / hubiesen aturdido |
| Vos | hubieras aturdido / hubieses aturdido |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiere aturdido |
| Tú | hubieres aturdido |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiere aturdido |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéremos aturdido |
| Vosotros / as | hubiereis aturdido |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieren aturdido |
| Vos | hubieres aturdido |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | esté aturdiendo |
| Tú | estés aturdiendo |
| Él / Ella / Usted | esté aturdiendo |
| Nosotros / as | estemos aturdiendo |
| Vosotros / as | estéis aturdiendo |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estén aturdiendo |
| Vos | estés aturdiendo |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviera aturdiendo / estuviese aturdiendo |
| Tú | estuvieras aturdiendo / estuvieses aturdiendo |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviera aturdiendo / estuviese aturdiendo |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéramos aturdiendo / estuviésamos aturdiendo |
| Vosotros / as | estuvierais aturdiendo / estuvieseis aturdiendo |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviera aturdiendo / estuviese aturdiendo |
| Vos | estuvieras aturdiendo / estuvieses aturdiendo |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviere aturdiendo |
| Tú | estuvieres aturdiendo |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviere aturdiendo |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéremos aturdiendo |
| Vosotros / as | estuviereis aturdiendo |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviere aturdiendo |
| Vos | estuvieres aturdiendo |
Voseo is the practice of using ‘vos’ instead of ‘tú’ as the second-person singular pronoun, and is common throughout much of South America.
There are various versions of ‘voseo’ used throughout the Spanish-speaking world. The conjugations for the most common type – used throughout Argentina, parts of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguya and Uruguay are below.
The present indicative (presente de indicativo) and affirmative imperative (imperativo) have different conjugations from the tú form, while all other tenses generally use the tú form.
| Tense | Vos Conjugation |
|---|---|
| Present Indicative Presente de Indicativo | Vos aturdís |
| Simle Past / Preterite Preterite de Indicativo | Vos aturdiste |
| Imperfect Past Preterite Imperfecto de Indicativo | Vos aturdías |
| Conditional Condicional | Vos aturdirías |
| Future Futuro de Indicativo | Vos aturdirás |
| Present Subjunctive Presente de Subjunctivo | Vos aturdas |
| Imperfect Subjunctive Imperfecto de Subjunctivo | Vos aturdieras / Vos aturdiese |
| Affirmative Imperative Imperativo | Vos aturdí |
| Negative Imperative Imperativo Negativo | Vos no aturdas |