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Abrumar is a Spanish verb which translates into English as “to overwhelm”.
Below are all of the conjugations for abrumar in Spanish, in all three moods (indicative/indicativo, subjunctive/subjunctivo and imperative/imperativo) and all of the tenses, for each pronoun.
The vosotros pronoun is mainly used in mainland Spain, and is the informal second-person plural – it could be considered the Spanish version of “y’all”. It is rarely found in Latin America, where ustedes is used instead.
The vos form is used instead of tú in some Spanish speaking countries of South America, especially the Southern Cone (e.g. Argentina and Uruguay) and has a different conjugation.
| English Infinitive | to overwhelm |
|---|---|
| Spanish Infinitive | abrumar |
The gerund (gerundio) is used with the continuous tenses, e.g. present continuous (está abrumando) and past continuous (estaba abrumando). The easiest way to think of it is the equivalent of english’s -ing form (e.g. overwhelming).
The past participle (participio) is used with perfect tense ‘haber’ verbs, e.g. he abrumado and hubiera abrumado. These are the equivalent of English’s ‘have’ (e.g. have overwhelmed).
| Gerundio / Gerund | abrumando |
|---|---|
| Participio / Past Participle | abrumado |
The basic form of speech, el indicativo is used for making statements, talking about facts, events and things that are certain and objective.
The present tense is as it sounds – it’s for talking about things that are currently going on, which are habitual, or which generally exist. In English, this would be “I overwhelm” or “they overwhelm”.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | abrumo |
| Tú | abrumas |
| Él / Ella / Usted | abruma |
| Nosotros / as | abrumamos |
| Vosotros / as | abrumáis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | abruman |
| Vos | abrumás |
Your simple past tense, e.g. “I overwhelmed” or “she overwhelmed” in English.
In Spanish, there are two past tenses where just one is used in English; the pretérite infefinido is typically used to refer to a concrete, specific moment in time.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | abrumé | I overwhelmed |
| Tú | abrumaste | You overwhelmed |
| Él / Ella / Usted | abrumó | He / she / you overwhelmed |
| Nosotros / as | abrumamos | We overwhelmed |
| Vosotros / as | abrumasteis | You overwhelmed |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | abrumaron | They / you overwhelmed |
| Vos | abrumaste | You overwhelmed |
The pretérito imperfecto roughly translates as “I was overwhelming” or “she was overwhelming” in English, and is typically used to describe things and set a scene, talk about events without a specific timeframe, or talk about habitual events or states in the past.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | abrumaba | I was overwhelming |
| Tú | abrumabas | You were overwhelming |
| Él / Ella / Usted | abrumaba | He was / she was / you were overwhelming |
| Nosotros / as | abrumábamos | We were overwhelming |
| Vosotros / as | abrumabais | You were overwhelming |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | abrumaban | They / you were overwhelming |
| Vos | abrumabas | You were overwhelming |
The perfect tense is for talking about things which happened in the past but are still related to the present or continue into the present.
In English, these use the auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘has’ – i.e. “I have overwhelmed” and “she has overwhelmed”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | he abrumado | I have overwhelmed |
| Tú | has abrumado | You have overwhelmed |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ha abrumado | He has / she has / you have overwhelmed |
| Nosotros / as | hemos abrumado | We have overwhelmed |
| Vosotros / as | habéis abrumado | You have overwhelmed |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | han abrumado | They / you have overwhelmed |
| Vos | has abrumado | You have overwhelmed |
The conditional is used in place of the English modal verb “would”, i.e. “I would overwhelm” or “she would overwhelm”. It can be used to talk about hypothetical situations.
| Pronoun | Spanish | Englush |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | abrumaría | I would overwhelm |
| Tú | abrumarías | You would overwhelm |
| Él / Ella / Usted | abrumaría | He / she / you would overwhelm |
| Nosotros / as | abrumaríamos | We would overwhelm |
| Vosotros / as | abrumaríais | You would overwhelm |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | abrumarían | They / you would overwhelm |
| Vos | abrumarías | You would overwhelm |
The future tense, simply put, replaces the English modal verb “will” – i.e. “I will overwhelm” or “they will overwhelm”.
It is more commonly used for making a hypothesis about the present. To talk about the future, Spanish speakers frequently use “ir + a + infinivo”, e.g. “van a abrumar” means “They are going to overwhelm”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | abrumaré | I will overwhelm |
| Tú | abrumarás | You will overwhelm |
| Él / Ella / Usted | abrumará | He / she / you will overwhelm |
| Nosotros / as | abrumaremos | We will overwhelm |
| Vosotros / as | abrumaréis | You will overwhelm |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | abrumarán | They / you will overwhelm |
| Vos | abrumarás | You will overwhelm |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | abrume |
| Tú | abrumes |
| Él / Ella / Usted | abrume |
| Nosotros / as | abrumemos |
| Vosotros / as | abruméis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | abrumen |
| Vos | abrumes |
There are two ways to form the imperfect subjunctive.
The first option sees verbs ending in -era (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ara (for -ar verbs), while the second sees verbs ending in -ese (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ase (for -ar verbs).
There is no difference between these two forms, and Spanish speakers use them interchangeably.
| Pronoun | Spanish era/ara | Spanish ese/ase |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | abrumara | abrumase |
| Tú | abrumaras | abrumase |
| Él / Ella / Usted | abrumara | abrumase |
| Nosotros / as | abrumáramos | abrumásemos |
| Vosotros / as | abrumarais | abrumaseis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | abrumaran | abrumasen |
| Vos | abrumaras | abrumase |
The future subjunctive is no longer used in modern-day Spanish, apart from in literary and legal contexts, and there is no need to learn it.
It is formed the same as the past/imperfect subjunctive, but with -e endings instead of -a endings.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | abrumare |
| Tú | abrumares |
| Él / Ella / Usted | abrumare |
| Nosotros / as | abrumáremos |
| Vosotros / as | abrumareis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | abrumaren |
| Vos | abrumares |
Used for forming positive and negative commands, e.g. “overwhelm!” and “don’t overwhelm!”.
| Pronoun | Spanish Affirmative | Spanish Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Tú | abruma | no abrumes |
| Él / Ella / Usted | abrume | no abrume |
| Nosotros / as | abrumemos | no abrumemos |
| Vosotros / as | abrumad | no abruméis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | abrumen | no abrumen |
| Vos | abrumá | no abrumes |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | haya abrumado |
| Tú | hayas abrumado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | haya abrumado |
| Nosotros / as | hayamos abrumado |
| Vosotros / as | hayáis abrumado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hayan abrumado |
| Vos | hayas abrumado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiera abrumado / hubiese abrumado |
| Tú | hubieras abrumado / hubieses abrumado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiera abrumado / hubiese abrumado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéramos abrumado / hubiésemos abrumado |
| Vosotros / as | hubierais abrumado / hubieseis abrumado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieran abrumado / hubiesen abrumado |
| Vos | hubieras abrumado / hubieses abrumado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiere abrumado |
| Tú | hubieres abrumado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiere abrumado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéremos abrumado |
| Vosotros / as | hubiereis abrumado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieren abrumado |
| Vos | hubieres abrumado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | esté abrumando |
| Tú | estés abrumando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | esté abrumando |
| Nosotros / as | estemos abrumando |
| Vosotros / as | estéis abrumando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estén abrumando |
| Vos | estés abrumando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviera abrumando / estuviese abrumando |
| Tú | estuvieras abrumando / estuvieses abrumando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviera abrumando / estuviese abrumando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéramos abrumando / estuviésamos abrumando |
| Vosotros / as | estuvierais abrumando / estuvieseis abrumando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviera abrumando / estuviese abrumando |
| Vos | estuvieras abrumando / estuvieses abrumando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviere abrumando |
| Tú | estuvieres abrumando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviere abrumando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéremos abrumando |
| Vosotros / as | estuviereis abrumando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviere abrumando |
| Vos | estuvieres abrumando |
Voseo is the practice of using ‘vos’ instead of ‘tú’ as the second-person singular pronoun, and is common throughout much of South America.
There are various versions of ‘voseo’ used throughout the Spanish-speaking world. The conjugations for the most common type – used throughout Argentina, parts of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguya and Uruguay are below.
The present indicative (presente de indicativo) and affirmative imperative (imperativo) have different conjugations from the tú form, while all other tenses generally use the tú form.
| Tense | Vos Conjugation |
|---|---|
| Present Indicative Presente de Indicativo | Vos abrumás |
| Simle Past / Preterite Preterite de Indicativo | Vos abrumaste |
| Imperfect Past Preterite Imperfecto de Indicativo | Vos abrumabas |
| Conditional Condicional | Vos abrumarías |
| Future Futuro de Indicativo | Vos abrumarás |
| Present Subjunctive Presente de Subjunctivo | Vos abrumes |
| Imperfect Subjunctive Imperfecto de Subjunctivo | Vos abrumaras / Vos abrumase |
| Affirmative Imperative Imperativo | Vos abrumá |
| Negative Imperative Imperativo Negativo | Vos no abrumes |