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Amargar is a Spanish verb which translates into English as “to make bitter, embitter, annoy”.
Below are all of the conjugations for amargar in Spanish, in all three moods (indicative/indicativo, subjunctive/subjunctivo and imperative/imperativo) and all of the tenses, for each pronoun.
The vosotros pronoun is mainly used in mainland Spain, and is the informal second-person plural – it could be considered the Spanish version of “y’all”. It is rarely found in Latin America, where ustedes is used instead.
The vos form is used instead of tú in some Spanish speaking countries of South America, especially the Southern Cone (e.g. Argentina and Uruguay) and has a different conjugation.
| English Infinitive | to make bitter, embitter, annoy |
|---|---|
| Spanish Infinitive | amargar |
The gerund (gerundio) is used with the continuous tenses, e.g. present continuous (está amargando) and past continuous (estaba amargando). The easiest way to think of it is the equivalent of english’s -ing form (e.g. embittering).
The past participle (participio) is used with perfect tense ‘haber’ verbs, e.g. he amargado and hubiera amargado. These are the equivalent of English’s ‘have’ (e.g. have embittered).
| Gerundio / Gerund | amargando |
|---|---|
| Participio / Past Participle | amargado |
The basic form of speech, el indicativo is used for making statements, talking about facts, events and things that are certain and objective.
The present tense is as it sounds – it’s for talking about things that are currently going on, which are habitual, or which generally exist. In English, this would be “I embitter” or “they embitter”.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | amargo |
| Tú | amargas |
| Él / Ella / Usted | amarga |
| Nosotros / as | amargamos |
| Vosotros / as | amargáis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | amargan |
| Vos | amargás |
Your simple past tense, e.g. “I embittered” or “she embittered” in English.
In Spanish, there are two past tenses where just one is used in English; the pretérite infefinido is typically used to refer to a concrete, specific moment in time.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | amargué | I embittered |
| Tú | amargaste | You embittered |
| Él / Ella / Usted | amargó | He / she / you embittered |
| Nosotros / as | amargamos | We embittered |
| Vosotros / as | amargasteis | You embittered |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | amargaron | They / you embittered |
| Vos | amargaste | You embittered |
The pretérito imperfecto roughly translates as “I was embittering” or “she was embittering” in English, and is typically used to describe things and set a scene, talk about events without a specific timeframe, or talk about habitual events or states in the past.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | amargaba | I was embittering |
| Tú | amargabas | You were embittering |
| Él / Ella / Usted | amargaba | He was / she was / you were embittering |
| Nosotros / as | amargábamos | We were embittering |
| Vosotros / as | amargabais | You were embittering |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | amargaban | They / you were embittering |
| Vos | amargabas | You were embittering |
The perfect tense is for talking about things which happened in the past but are still related to the present or continue into the present.
In English, these use the auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘has’ – i.e. “I have embittered” and “she has embittered”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | he amargado | I have embittered |
| Tú | has amargado | You have embittered |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ha amargado | He has / she has / you have embittered |
| Nosotros / as | hemos amargado | We have embittered |
| Vosotros / as | habéis amargado | You have embittered |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | han amargado | They / you have embittered |
| Vos | has amargado | You have embittered |
The conditional is used in place of the English modal verb “would”, i.e. “I would embitter” or “she would embitter”. It can be used to talk about hypothetical situations.
| Pronoun | Spanish | Englush |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | amargaría | I would embitter |
| Tú | amargarías | You would embitter |
| Él / Ella / Usted | amargaría | He / she / you would embitter |
| Nosotros / as | amargaríamos | We would embitter |
| Vosotros / as | amargaríais | You would embitter |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | amargarían | They / you would embitter |
| Vos | amargarías | You would embitter |
The future tense, simply put, replaces the English modal verb “will” – i.e. “I will embitter” or “they will embitter”.
It is more commonly used for making a hypothesis about the present. To talk about the future, Spanish speakers frequently use “ir + a + infinivo”, e.g. “van a amargar” means “They are going to embitter”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | amargaré | I will embitter |
| Tú | amargarás | You will embitter |
| Él / Ella / Usted | amargará | He / she / you will embitter |
| Nosotros / as | amargaremos | We will embitter |
| Vosotros / as | amargaréis | You will embitter |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | amargarán | They / you will embitter |
| Vos | amargarás | You will embitter |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | amargue |
| Tú | amargues |
| Él / Ella / Usted | amargue |
| Nosotros / as | amarguemos |
| Vosotros / as | amarguéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | amarguen |
| Vos | amargues |
There are two ways to form the imperfect subjunctive.
The first option sees verbs ending in -era (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ara (for -ar verbs), while the second sees verbs ending in -ese (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ase (for -ar verbs).
There is no difference between these two forms, and Spanish speakers use them interchangeably.
| Pronoun | Spanish era/ara | Spanish ese/ase |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | amargara | amargase |
| Tú | amargaras | amargase |
| Él / Ella / Usted | amargara | amargase |
| Nosotros / as | amargáramos | amargásemos |
| Vosotros / as | amargarais | amargaseis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | amargaran | amargasen |
| Vos | amargaras | amargase |
The future subjunctive is no longer used in modern-day Spanish, apart from in literary and legal contexts, and there is no need to learn it.
It is formed the same as the past/imperfect subjunctive, but with -e endings instead of -a endings.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | amargare |
| Tú | amargares |
| Él / Ella / Usted | amargare |
| Nosotros / as | amargáremos |
| Vosotros / as | amargareis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | amargaren |
| Vos | amargares |
Used for forming positive and negative commands, e.g. “embitter!” and “don’t embitter!”.
| Pronoun | Spanish Affirmative | Spanish Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Tú | amarga | no amargues |
| Él / Ella / Usted | amargue | no amargue |
| Nosotros / as | amarguemos | no amarguemos |
| Vosotros / as | amargad | no amarguéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | amarguen | no amarguen |
| Vos | amargá | no amargues |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | haya amargado |
| Tú | hayas amargado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | haya amargado |
| Nosotros / as | hayamos amargado |
| Vosotros / as | hayáis amargado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hayan amargado |
| Vos | hayas amargado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiera amargado / hubiese amargado |
| Tú | hubieras amargado / hubieses amargado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiera amargado / hubiese amargado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéramos amargado / hubiésemos amargado |
| Vosotros / as | hubierais amargado / hubieseis amargado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieran amargado / hubiesen amargado |
| Vos | hubieras amargado / hubieses amargado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiere amargado |
| Tú | hubieres amargado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiere amargado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéremos amargado |
| Vosotros / as | hubiereis amargado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieren amargado |
| Vos | hubieres amargado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | esté amargando |
| Tú | estés amargando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | esté amargando |
| Nosotros / as | estemos amargando |
| Vosotros / as | estéis amargando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estén amargando |
| Vos | estés amargando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviera amargando / estuviese amargando |
| Tú | estuvieras amargando / estuvieses amargando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviera amargando / estuviese amargando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéramos amargando / estuviésamos amargando |
| Vosotros / as | estuvierais amargando / estuvieseis amargando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviera amargando / estuviese amargando |
| Vos | estuvieras amargando / estuvieses amargando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviere amargando |
| Tú | estuvieres amargando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviere amargando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéremos amargando |
| Vosotros / as | estuviereis amargando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviere amargando |
| Vos | estuvieres amargando |
Voseo is the practice of using ‘vos’ instead of ‘tú’ as the second-person singular pronoun, and is common throughout much of South America.
There are various versions of ‘voseo’ used throughout the Spanish-speaking world. The conjugations for the most common type – used throughout Argentina, parts of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguya and Uruguay are below.
The present indicative (presente de indicativo) and affirmative imperative (imperativo) have different conjugations from the tú form, while all other tenses generally use the tú form.
| Tense | Vos Conjugation |
|---|---|
| Present Indicative Presente de Indicativo | Vos amargás |
| Simle Past / Preterite Preterite de Indicativo | Vos amargaste |
| Imperfect Past Preterite Imperfecto de Indicativo | Vos amargabas |
| Conditional Condicional | Vos amargarías |
| Future Futuro de Indicativo | Vos amargarás |
| Present Subjunctive Presente de Subjunctivo | Vos amargues |
| Imperfect Subjunctive Imperfecto de Subjunctivo | Vos amargaras / Vos amargase |
| Affirmative Imperative Imperativo | Vos amargá |
| Negative Imperative Imperativo Negativo | Vos no amargues |