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Apenar is a Spanish verb which translates into English as “to sadden”.
Below are all of the conjugations for apenar in Spanish, in all three moods (indicative/indicativo, subjunctive/subjunctivo and imperative/imperativo) and all of the tenses, for each pronoun.
The vosotros pronoun is mainly used in mainland Spain, and is the informal second-person plural – it could be considered the Spanish version of “y’all”. It is rarely found in Latin America, where ustedes is used instead.
The vos form is used instead of tú in some Spanish speaking countries of South America, especially the Southern Cone (e.g. Argentina and Uruguay) and has a different conjugation.
| English Infinitive | to sadden |
|---|---|
| Spanish Infinitive | apenar |
The gerund (gerundio) is used with the continuous tenses, e.g. present continuous (está apenando) and past continuous (estaba apenando). The easiest way to think of it is the equivalent of english’s -ing form (e.g. saddening).
The past participle (participio) is used with perfect tense ‘haber’ verbs, e.g. he apenado and hubiera apenado. These are the equivalent of English’s ‘have’ (e.g. have saddened).
| Gerundio / Gerund | apenando |
|---|---|
| Participio / Past Participle | apenado |
The basic form of speech, el indicativo is used for making statements, talking about facts, events and things that are certain and objective.
The present tense is as it sounds – it’s for talking about things that are currently going on, which are habitual, or which generally exist. In English, this would be “I sadden” or “they sadden”.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | apeno |
| Tú | apenas |
| Él / Ella / Usted | apena |
| Nosotros / as | apenamos |
| Vosotros / as | apenáis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | apenan |
| Vos | apenás |
Your simple past tense, e.g. “I saddened” or “she saddened” in English.
In Spanish, there are two past tenses where just one is used in English; the pretérite infefinido is typically used to refer to a concrete, specific moment in time.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | apené | I saddened |
| Tú | apenaste | You saddened |
| Él / Ella / Usted | apenó | He / she / you saddened |
| Nosotros / as | apenamos | We saddened |
| Vosotros / as | apenasteis | You saddened |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | apenaron | They / you saddened |
| Vos | apenaste | You saddened |
The pretérito imperfecto roughly translates as “I was saddening” or “she was saddening” in English, and is typically used to describe things and set a scene, talk about events without a specific timeframe, or talk about habitual events or states in the past.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | apenaba | I was saddening |
| Tú | apenabas | You were saddening |
| Él / Ella / Usted | apenaba | He was / she was / you were saddening |
| Nosotros / as | apenábamos | We were saddening |
| Vosotros / as | apenabais | You were saddening |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | apenaban | They / you were saddening |
| Vos | apenabas | You were saddening |
The perfect tense is for talking about things which happened in the past but are still related to the present or continue into the present.
In English, these use the auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘has’ – i.e. “I have saddened” and “she has saddened”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | he apenado | I have saddened |
| Tú | has apenado | You have saddened |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ha apenado | He has / she has / you have saddened |
| Nosotros / as | hemos apenado | We have saddened |
| Vosotros / as | habéis apenado | You have saddened |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | han apenado | They / you have saddened |
| Vos | has apenado | You have saddened |
The conditional is used in place of the English modal verb “would”, i.e. “I would sadden” or “she would sadden”. It can be used to talk about hypothetical situations.
| Pronoun | Spanish | Englush |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | apenaría | I would sadden |
| Tú | apenarías | You would sadden |
| Él / Ella / Usted | apenaría | He / she / you would sadden |
| Nosotros / as | apenaríamos | We would sadden |
| Vosotros / as | apenaríais | You would sadden |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | apenarían | They / you would sadden |
| Vos | apenarías | You would sadden |
The future tense, simply put, replaces the English modal verb “will” – i.e. “I will sadden” or “they will sadden”.
It is more commonly used for making a hypothesis about the present. To talk about the future, Spanish speakers frequently use “ir + a + infinivo”, e.g. “van a apenar” means “They are going to sadden”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | apenaré | I will sadden |
| Tú | apenarás | You will sadden |
| Él / Ella / Usted | apenará | He / she / you will sadden |
| Nosotros / as | apenaremos | We will sadden |
| Vosotros / as | apenaréis | You will sadden |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | apenarán | They / you will sadden |
| Vos | apenarás | You will sadden |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | apene |
| Tú | apenes |
| Él / Ella / Usted | apene |
| Nosotros / as | apenemos |
| Vosotros / as | apenéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | apenen |
| Vos | apenes |
There are two ways to form the imperfect subjunctive.
The first option sees verbs ending in -era (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ara (for -ar verbs), while the second sees verbs ending in -ese (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ase (for -ar verbs).
There is no difference between these two forms, and Spanish speakers use them interchangeably.
| Pronoun | Spanish era/ara | Spanish ese/ase |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | apenara | apenase |
| Tú | apenaras | apenase |
| Él / Ella / Usted | apenara | apenase |
| Nosotros / as | apenáramos | apenásemos |
| Vosotros / as | apenarais | apenaseis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | apenaran | apenasen |
| Vos | apenaras | apenase |
The future subjunctive is no longer used in modern-day Spanish, apart from in literary and legal contexts, and there is no need to learn it.
It is formed the same as the past/imperfect subjunctive, but with -e endings instead of -a endings.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | apenare |
| Tú | apenares |
| Él / Ella / Usted | apenare |
| Nosotros / as | apenáremos |
| Vosotros / as | apenareis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | apenaren |
| Vos | apenares |
Used for forming positive and negative commands, e.g. “sadden!” and “don’t sadden!”.
| Pronoun | Spanish Affirmative | Spanish Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Tú | apena | no apenes |
| Él / Ella / Usted | apene | no apene |
| Nosotros / as | apenemos | no apenemos |
| Vosotros / as | apenad | no apenéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | apenen | no apenen |
| Vos | apená | no apenes |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | haya apenado |
| Tú | hayas apenado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | haya apenado |
| Nosotros / as | hayamos apenado |
| Vosotros / as | hayáis apenado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hayan apenado |
| Vos | hayas apenado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiera apenado / hubiese apenado |
| Tú | hubieras apenado / hubieses apenado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiera apenado / hubiese apenado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéramos apenado / hubiésemos apenado |
| Vosotros / as | hubierais apenado / hubieseis apenado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieran apenado / hubiesen apenado |
| Vos | hubieras apenado / hubieses apenado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiere apenado |
| Tú | hubieres apenado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiere apenado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéremos apenado |
| Vosotros / as | hubiereis apenado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieren apenado |
| Vos | hubieres apenado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | esté apenando |
| Tú | estés apenando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | esté apenando |
| Nosotros / as | estemos apenando |
| Vosotros / as | estéis apenando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estén apenando |
| Vos | estés apenando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviera apenando / estuviese apenando |
| Tú | estuvieras apenando / estuvieses apenando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviera apenando / estuviese apenando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéramos apenando / estuviésamos apenando |
| Vosotros / as | estuvierais apenando / estuvieseis apenando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviera apenando / estuviese apenando |
| Vos | estuvieras apenando / estuvieses apenando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviere apenando |
| Tú | estuvieres apenando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviere apenando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéremos apenando |
| Vosotros / as | estuviereis apenando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviere apenando |
| Vos | estuvieres apenando |
Voseo is the practice of using ‘vos’ instead of ‘tú’ as the second-person singular pronoun, and is common throughout much of South America.
There are various versions of ‘voseo’ used throughout the Spanish-speaking world. The conjugations for the most common type – used throughout Argentina, parts of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguya and Uruguay are below.
The present indicative (presente de indicativo) and affirmative imperative (imperativo) have different conjugations from the tú form, while all other tenses generally use the tú form.
| Tense | Vos Conjugation |
|---|---|
| Present Indicative Presente de Indicativo | Vos apenás |
| Simle Past / Preterite Preterite de Indicativo | Vos apenaste |
| Imperfect Past Preterite Imperfecto de Indicativo | Vos apenabas |
| Conditional Condicional | Vos apenarías |
| Future Futuro de Indicativo | Vos apenarás |
| Present Subjunctive Presente de Subjunctivo | Vos apenes |
| Imperfect Subjunctive Imperfecto de Subjunctivo | Vos apenaras / Vos apenase |
| Affirmative Imperative Imperativo | Vos apená |
| Negative Imperative Imperativo Negativo | Vos no apenes |