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Atestiguar is a Spanish verb which translates into English as “to attest, testify”.
Below are all of the conjugations for atestiguar in Spanish, in all three moods (indicative/indicativo, subjunctive/subjunctivo and imperative/imperativo) and all of the tenses, for each pronoun.
The vosotros pronoun is mainly used in mainland Spain, and is the informal second-person plural – it could be considered the Spanish version of “y’all”. It is rarely found in Latin America, where ustedes is used instead.
The vos form is used instead of tú in some Spanish speaking countries of South America, especially the Southern Cone (e.g. Argentina and Uruguay) and has a different conjugation.
| English Infinitive | to attest, testify |
|---|---|
| Spanish Infinitive | atestiguar |
The gerund (gerundio) is used with the continuous tenses, e.g. present continuous (está atestiguando) and past continuous (estaba atestiguando). The easiest way to think of it is the equivalent of english’s -ing form (e.g. attesting).
The past participle (participio) is used with perfect tense ‘haber’ verbs, e.g. he atestiguado and hubiera atestiguado. These are the equivalent of English’s ‘have’ (e.g. have attested).
| Gerundio / Gerund | atestiguando |
|---|---|
| Participio / Past Participle | atestiguado |
The basic form of speech, el indicativo is used for making statements, talking about facts, events and things that are certain and objective.
The present tense is as it sounds – it’s for talking about things that are currently going on, which are habitual, or which generally exist. In English, this would be “I attest” or “they attest”.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | atestiguo |
| Tú | atestiguas |
| Él / Ella / Usted | atestigua |
| Nosotros / as | atestiguamos |
| Vosotros / as | atestiguáis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | atestiguan |
| Vos | atestiguás |
Your simple past tense, e.g. “I attested” or “she attested” in English.
In Spanish, there are two past tenses where just one is used in English; the pretérite infefinido is typically used to refer to a concrete, specific moment in time.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | atestigüé | I attested |
| Tú | atestiguaste | You attested |
| Él / Ella / Usted | atestiguó | He / she / you attested |
| Nosotros / as | atestiguamos | We attested |
| Vosotros / as | atestiguasteis | You attested |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | atestiguaron | They / you attested |
| Vos | atestiguaste | You attested |
The pretérito imperfecto roughly translates as “I was attesting” or “she was attesting” in English, and is typically used to describe things and set a scene, talk about events without a specific timeframe, or talk about habitual events or states in the past.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | atestiguaba | I was attesting |
| Tú | atestiguabas | You were attesting |
| Él / Ella / Usted | atestiguaba | He was / she was / you were attesting |
| Nosotros / as | atestiguábamos | We were attesting |
| Vosotros / as | atestiguabais | You were attesting |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | atestiguaban | They / you were attesting |
| Vos | atestiguabas | You were attesting |
The perfect tense is for talking about things which happened in the past but are still related to the present or continue into the present.
In English, these use the auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘has’ – i.e. “I have attested” and “she has attested”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | he atestiguado | I have attested |
| Tú | has atestiguado | You have attested |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ha atestiguado | He has / she has / you have attested |
| Nosotros / as | hemos atestiguado | We have attested |
| Vosotros / as | habéis atestiguado | You have attested |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | han atestiguado | They / you have attested |
| Vos | has atestiguado | You have attested |
The conditional is used in place of the English modal verb “would”, i.e. “I would attest” or “she would attest”. It can be used to talk about hypothetical situations.
| Pronoun | Spanish | Englush |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | atestiguaría | I would attest |
| Tú | atestiguarías | You would attest |
| Él / Ella / Usted | atestiguaría | He / she / you would attest |
| Nosotros / as | atestiguaríamos | We would attest |
| Vosotros / as | atestiguaríais | You would attest |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | atestiguarían | They / you would attest |
| Vos | atestiguarías | You would attest |
The future tense, simply put, replaces the English modal verb “will” – i.e. “I will attest” or “they will attest”.
It is more commonly used for making a hypothesis about the present. To talk about the future, Spanish speakers frequently use “ir + a + infinivo”, e.g. “van a atestiguar” means “They are going to attest”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | atestiguaré | I will attest |
| Tú | atestiguarás | You will attest |
| Él / Ella / Usted | atestiguará | He / she / you will attest |
| Nosotros / as | atestiguaremos | We will attest |
| Vosotros / as | atestiguaréis | You will attest |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | atestiguarán | They / you will attest |
| Vos | atestiguarás | You will attest |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | atestigüe |
| Tú | atestigües |
| Él / Ella / Usted | atestigüe |
| Nosotros / as | atestigüemos |
| Vosotros / as | atestigüéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | atestigüen |
| Vos | atestigües |
There are two ways to form the imperfect subjunctive.
The first option sees verbs ending in -era (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ara (for -ar verbs), while the second sees verbs ending in -ese (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ase (for -ar verbs).
There is no difference between these two forms, and Spanish speakers use them interchangeably.
| Pronoun | Spanish era/ara | Spanish ese/ase |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | atestiguara | atestiguase |
| Tú | atestiguaras | atestiguase |
| Él / Ella / Usted | atestiguara | atestiguase |
| Nosotros / as | atestiguáramos | atestiguásemos |
| Vosotros / as | atestiguarais | atestiguaseis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | atestiguaran | atestiguasen |
| Vos | atestiguaras | atestiguase |
The future subjunctive is no longer used in modern-day Spanish, apart from in literary and legal contexts, and there is no need to learn it.
It is formed the same as the past/imperfect subjunctive, but with -e endings instead of -a endings.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | atestiguare |
| Tú | atestiguares |
| Él / Ella / Usted | atestiguare |
| Nosotros / as | atestiguáremos |
| Vosotros / as | atestiguareis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | atestiguaren |
| Vos | atestiguares |
Used for forming positive and negative commands, e.g. “attest!” and “don’t attest!”.
| Pronoun | Spanish Affirmative | Spanish Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Tú | atestigua | no atestigües |
| Él / Ella / Usted | atestigüe | no atestigüe |
| Nosotros / as | atestigüemos | no atestigüemos |
| Vosotros / as | atestiguad | no atestigüéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | atestigüen | no atestigüen |
| Vos | atestiguá | no atestigües |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | haya atestiguado |
| Tú | hayas atestiguado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | haya atestiguado |
| Nosotros / as | hayamos atestiguado |
| Vosotros / as | hayáis atestiguado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hayan atestiguado |
| Vos | hayas atestiguado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiera atestiguado / hubiese atestiguado |
| Tú | hubieras atestiguado / hubieses atestiguado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiera atestiguado / hubiese atestiguado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéramos atestiguado / hubiésemos atestiguado |
| Vosotros / as | hubierais atestiguado / hubieseis atestiguado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieran atestiguado / hubiesen atestiguado |
| Vos | hubieras atestiguado / hubieses atestiguado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiere atestiguado |
| Tú | hubieres atestiguado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiere atestiguado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéremos atestiguado |
| Vosotros / as | hubiereis atestiguado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieren atestiguado |
| Vos | hubieres atestiguado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | esté atestiguando |
| Tú | estés atestiguando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | esté atestiguando |
| Nosotros / as | estemos atestiguando |
| Vosotros / as | estéis atestiguando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estén atestiguando |
| Vos | estés atestiguando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviera atestiguando / estuviese atestiguando |
| Tú | estuvieras atestiguando / estuvieses atestiguando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviera atestiguando / estuviese atestiguando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéramos atestiguando / estuviésamos atestiguando |
| Vosotros / as | estuvierais atestiguando / estuvieseis atestiguando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviera atestiguando / estuviese atestiguando |
| Vos | estuvieras atestiguando / estuvieses atestiguando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviere atestiguando |
| Tú | estuvieres atestiguando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviere atestiguando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéremos atestiguando |
| Vosotros / as | estuviereis atestiguando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviere atestiguando |
| Vos | estuvieres atestiguando |
Voseo is the practice of using ‘vos’ instead of ‘tú’ as the second-person singular pronoun, and is common throughout much of South America.
There are various versions of ‘voseo’ used throughout the Spanish-speaking world. The conjugations for the most common type – used throughout Argentina, parts of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguya and Uruguay are below.
The present indicative (presente de indicativo) and affirmative imperative (imperativo) have different conjugations from the tú form, while all other tenses generally use the tú form.
| Tense | Vos Conjugation |
|---|---|
| Present Indicative Presente de Indicativo | Vos atestiguás |
| Simle Past / Preterite Preterite de Indicativo | Vos atestiguaste |
| Imperfect Past Preterite Imperfecto de Indicativo | Vos atestiguabas |
| Conditional Condicional | Vos atestiguarías |
| Future Futuro de Indicativo | Vos atestiguarás |
| Present Subjunctive Presente de Subjunctivo | Vos atestigües |
| Imperfect Subjunctive Imperfecto de Subjunctivo | Vos atestiguaras / Vos atestiguase |
| Affirmative Imperative Imperativo | Vos atestiguá |
| Negative Imperative Imperativo Negativo | Vos no atestigües |