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Cojear is a Spanish verb which translates into English as “to limp, wobble”.
Below are all of the conjugations for cojear in Spanish, in all three moods (indicative/indicativo, subjunctive/subjunctivo and imperative/imperativo) and all of the tenses, for each pronoun.
The vosotros pronoun is mainly used in mainland Spain, and is the informal second-person plural – it could be considered the Spanish version of “y’all”. It is rarely found in Latin America, where ustedes is used instead.
The vos form is used instead of tú in some Spanish speaking countries of South America, especially the Southern Cone (e.g. Argentina and Uruguay) and has a different conjugation.
| English Infinitive | to limp, wobble |
|---|---|
| Spanish Infinitive | cojear |
The gerund (gerundio) is used with the continuous tenses, e.g. present continuous (está cojeando) and past continuous (estaba cojeando). The easiest way to think of it is the equivalent of english’s -ing form (e.g. limping).
The past participle (participio) is used with perfect tense ‘haber’ verbs, e.g. he cojeado and hubiera cojeado. These are the equivalent of English’s ‘have’ (e.g. have limped).
| Gerundio / Gerund | cojeando |
|---|---|
| Participio / Past Participle | cojeado |
The basic form of speech, el indicativo is used for making statements, talking about facts, events and things that are certain and objective.
The present tense is as it sounds – it’s for talking about things that are currently going on, which are habitual, or which generally exist. In English, this would be “I limp” or “they limp”.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | cojeo |
| Tú | cojeas |
| Él / Ella / Usted | cojea |
| Nosotros / as | cojeamos |
| Vosotros / as | cojeáis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | cojean |
| Vos | cojeás |
Your simple past tense, e.g. “I limped” or “she limped” in English.
In Spanish, there are two past tenses where just one is used in English; the pretérite infefinido is typically used to refer to a concrete, specific moment in time.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | cojeé | I limped |
| Tú | cojeaste | You limped |
| Él / Ella / Usted | cojeó | He / she / you limped |
| Nosotros / as | cojeamos | We limped |
| Vosotros / as | cojeasteis | You limped |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | cojearon | They / you limped |
| Vos | cojeaste | You limped |
The pretérito imperfecto roughly translates as “I was limping” or “she was limping” in English, and is typically used to describe things and set a scene, talk about events without a specific timeframe, or talk about habitual events or states in the past.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | cojeaba | I was limping |
| Tú | cojeabas | You were limping |
| Él / Ella / Usted | cojeaba | He was / she was / you were limping |
| Nosotros / as | cojeábamos | We were limping |
| Vosotros / as | cojeabais | You were limping |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | cojeaban | They / you were limping |
| Vos | cojeabas | You were limping |
The perfect tense is for talking about things which happened in the past but are still related to the present or continue into the present.
In English, these use the auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘has’ – i.e. “I have limped” and “she has limped”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | he cojeado | I have limped |
| Tú | has cojeado | You have limped |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ha cojeado | He has / she has / you have limped |
| Nosotros / as | hemos cojeado | We have limped |
| Vosotros / as | habéis cojeado | You have limped |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | han cojeado | They / you have limped |
| Vos | has cojeado | You have limped |
The conditional is used in place of the English modal verb “would”, i.e. “I would limp” or “she would limp”. It can be used to talk about hypothetical situations.
| Pronoun | Spanish | Englush |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | cojearía | I would limp |
| Tú | cojearías | You would limp |
| Él / Ella / Usted | cojearía | He / she / you would limp |
| Nosotros / as | cojearíamos | We would limp |
| Vosotros / as | cojearíais | You would limp |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | cojearían | They / you would limp |
| Vos | cojearías | You would limp |
The future tense, simply put, replaces the English modal verb “will” – i.e. “I will limp” or “they will limp”.
It is more commonly used for making a hypothesis about the present. To talk about the future, Spanish speakers frequently use “ir + a + infinivo”, e.g. “van a cojear” means “They are going to limp”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | cojearé | I will limp |
| Tú | cojearás | You will limp |
| Él / Ella / Usted | cojeará | He / she / you will limp |
| Nosotros / as | cojearemos | We will limp |
| Vosotros / as | cojearéis | You will limp |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | cojearán | They / you will limp |
| Vos | cojearás | You will limp |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | cojee |
| Tú | cojees |
| Él / Ella / Usted | cojee |
| Nosotros / as | cojeemos |
| Vosotros / as | cojeéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | cojeen |
| Vos | cojees |
There are two ways to form the imperfect subjunctive.
The first option sees verbs ending in -era (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ara (for -ar verbs), while the second sees verbs ending in -ese (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ase (for -ar verbs).
There is no difference between these two forms, and Spanish speakers use them interchangeably.
| Pronoun | Spanish era/ara | Spanish ese/ase |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | cojeara | cojease |
| Tú | cojearas | cojease |
| Él / Ella / Usted | cojeara | cojease |
| Nosotros / as | cojeáramos | cojeásemos |
| Vosotros / as | cojearais | cojeaseis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | cojearan | cojeasen |
| Vos | cojearas | cojease |
The future subjunctive is no longer used in modern-day Spanish, apart from in literary and legal contexts, and there is no need to learn it.
It is formed the same as the past/imperfect subjunctive, but with -e endings instead of -a endings.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | cojeare |
| Tú | cojeares |
| Él / Ella / Usted | cojeare |
| Nosotros / as | cojeáremos |
| Vosotros / as | cojeareis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | cojearen |
| Vos | cojeares |
Used for forming positive and negative commands, e.g. “limp!” and “don’t limp!”.
| Pronoun | Spanish Affirmative | Spanish Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Tú | cojea | no cojees |
| Él / Ella / Usted | cojee | no cojee |
| Nosotros / as | cojeemos | no cojeemos |
| Vosotros / as | cojead | no cojeéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | cojeen | no cojeen |
| Vos | cojeá | no cojees |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | haya cojeado |
| Tú | hayas cojeado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | haya cojeado |
| Nosotros / as | hayamos cojeado |
| Vosotros / as | hayáis cojeado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hayan cojeado |
| Vos | hayas cojeado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiera cojeado / hubiese cojeado |
| Tú | hubieras cojeado / hubieses cojeado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiera cojeado / hubiese cojeado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéramos cojeado / hubiésemos cojeado |
| Vosotros / as | hubierais cojeado / hubieseis cojeado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieran cojeado / hubiesen cojeado |
| Vos | hubieras cojeado / hubieses cojeado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiere cojeado |
| Tú | hubieres cojeado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiere cojeado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéremos cojeado |
| Vosotros / as | hubiereis cojeado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieren cojeado |
| Vos | hubieres cojeado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | esté cojeando |
| Tú | estés cojeando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | esté cojeando |
| Nosotros / as | estemos cojeando |
| Vosotros / as | estéis cojeando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estén cojeando |
| Vos | estés cojeando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviera cojeando / estuviese cojeando |
| Tú | estuvieras cojeando / estuvieses cojeando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviera cojeando / estuviese cojeando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéramos cojeando / estuviésamos cojeando |
| Vosotros / as | estuvierais cojeando / estuvieseis cojeando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviera cojeando / estuviese cojeando |
| Vos | estuvieras cojeando / estuvieses cojeando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviere cojeando |
| Tú | estuvieres cojeando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviere cojeando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéremos cojeando |
| Vosotros / as | estuviereis cojeando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviere cojeando |
| Vos | estuvieres cojeando |
Voseo is the practice of using ‘vos’ instead of ‘tú’ as the second-person singular pronoun, and is common throughout much of South America.
There are various versions of ‘voseo’ used throughout the Spanish-speaking world. The conjugations for the most common type – used throughout Argentina, parts of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguya and Uruguay are below.
The present indicative (presente de indicativo) and affirmative imperative (imperativo) have different conjugations from the tú form, while all other tenses generally use the tú form.
| Tense | Vos Conjugation |
|---|---|
| Present Indicative Presente de Indicativo | Vos cojeás |
| Simle Past / Preterite Preterite de Indicativo | Vos cojeaste |
| Imperfect Past Preterite Imperfecto de Indicativo | Vos cojeabas |
| Conditional Condicional | Vos cojearías |
| Future Futuro de Indicativo | Vos cojearás |
| Present Subjunctive Presente de Subjunctivo | Vos cojees |
| Imperfect Subjunctive Imperfecto de Subjunctivo | Vos cojearas / Vos cojease |
| Affirmative Imperative Imperativo | Vos cojeá |
| Negative Imperative Imperativo Negativo | Vos no cojees |