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Congojar is a Spanish verb which translates into English as “to cause anguish, distress”.
Below are all of the conjugations for congojar in Spanish, in all three moods (indicative/indicativo, subjunctive/subjunctivo and imperative/imperativo) and all of the tenses, for each pronoun.
The vosotros pronoun is mainly used in mainland Spain, and is the informal second-person plural – it could be considered the Spanish version of “y’all”. It is rarely found in Latin America, where ustedes is used instead.
The vos form is used instead of tú in some Spanish speaking countries of South America, especially the Southern Cone (e.g. Argentina and Uruguay) and has a different conjugation.
| English Infinitive | to cause anguish, distress |
|---|---|
| Spanish Infinitive | congojar |
The gerund (gerundio) is used with the continuous tenses, e.g. present continuous (está congojando) and past continuous (estaba congojando). The easiest way to think of it is the equivalent of english’s -ing form (e.g. causing anguish).
The past participle (participio) is used with perfect tense ‘haber’ verbs, e.g. he congojado and hubiera congojado. These are the equivalent of English’s ‘have’ (e.g. have caused anguish).
| Gerundio / Gerund | congojando |
|---|---|
| Participio / Past Participle | congojado |
The basic form of speech, el indicativo is used for making statements, talking about facts, events and things that are certain and objective.
The present tense is as it sounds – it’s for talking about things that are currently going on, which are habitual, or which generally exist. In English, this would be “I cause anguish” or “they cause anguish”.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | congojo |
| Tú | congojas |
| Él / Ella / Usted | congoja |
| Nosotros / as | congojamos |
| Vosotros / as | congojáis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | congojan |
| Vos | congojás |
Your simple past tense, e.g. “I caused anguish” or “she caused anguish” in English.
In Spanish, there are two past tenses where just one is used in English; the pretérite infefinido is typically used to refer to a concrete, specific moment in time.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | congojé | I caused anguish |
| Tú | congojaste | You caused anguish |
| Él / Ella / Usted | congojó | He / she / you caused anguish |
| Nosotros / as | congojamos | We caused anguish |
| Vosotros / as | congojasteis | You caused anguish |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | congojaron | They / you caused anguish |
| Vos | congojaste | You caused anguish |
The pretérito imperfecto roughly translates as “I was causing anguish” or “she was causing anguish” in English, and is typically used to describe things and set a scene, talk about events without a specific timeframe, or talk about habitual events or states in the past.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | congojaba | I was causing anguish |
| Tú | congojabas | You were causing anguish |
| Él / Ella / Usted | congojaba | He was / she was / you were causing anguish |
| Nosotros / as | congojábamos | We were causing anguish |
| Vosotros / as | congojabais | You were causing anguish |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | congojaban | They / you were causing anguish |
| Vos | congojabas | You were causing anguish |
The perfect tense is for talking about things which happened in the past but are still related to the present or continue into the present.
In English, these use the auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘has’ – i.e. “I have caused anguish” and “she has caused anguish”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | he congojado | I have caused anguish |
| Tú | has congojado | You have caused anguish |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ha congojado | He has / she has / you have caused anguish |
| Nosotros / as | hemos congojado | We have caused anguish |
| Vosotros / as | habéis congojado | You have caused anguish |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | han congojado | They / you have caused anguish |
| Vos | has congojado | You have caused anguish |
The conditional is used in place of the English modal verb “would”, i.e. “I would cause anguish” or “she would cause anguish”. It can be used to talk about hypothetical situations.
| Pronoun | Spanish | Englush |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | congojaría | I would cause anguish |
| Tú | congojarías | You would cause anguish |
| Él / Ella / Usted | congojaría | He / she / you would cause anguish |
| Nosotros / as | congojaríamos | We would cause anguish |
| Vosotros / as | congojaríais | You would cause anguish |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | congojarían | They / you would cause anguish |
| Vos | congojarías | You would cause anguish |
The future tense, simply put, replaces the English modal verb “will” – i.e. “I will cause anguish” or “they will cause anguish”.
It is more commonly used for making a hypothesis about the present. To talk about the future, Spanish speakers frequently use “ir + a + infinivo”, e.g. “van a congojar” means “They are going to cause anguish”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | congojaré | I will cause anguish |
| Tú | congojarás | You will cause anguish |
| Él / Ella / Usted | congojará | He / she / you will cause anguish |
| Nosotros / as | congojaremos | We will cause anguish |
| Vosotros / as | congojaréis | You will cause anguish |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | congojarán | They / you will cause anguish |
| Vos | congojarás | You will cause anguish |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | congoje |
| Tú | congojes |
| Él / Ella / Usted | congoje |
| Nosotros / as | congojemos |
| Vosotros / as | congojéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | congojen |
| Vos | congojes |
There are two ways to form the imperfect subjunctive.
The first option sees verbs ending in -era (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ara (for -ar verbs), while the second sees verbs ending in -ese (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ase (for -ar verbs).
There is no difference between these two forms, and Spanish speakers use them interchangeably.
| Pronoun | Spanish era/ara | Spanish ese/ase |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | congojara | congojase |
| Tú | congojaras | congojase |
| Él / Ella / Usted | congojara | congojase |
| Nosotros / as | congojáramos | congojásemos |
| Vosotros / as | congojarais | congojaseis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | congojaran | congojasen |
| Vos | congojaras | congojase |
The future subjunctive is no longer used in modern-day Spanish, apart from in literary and legal contexts, and there is no need to learn it.
It is formed the same as the past/imperfect subjunctive, but with -e endings instead of -a endings.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | congojare |
| Tú | congojares |
| Él / Ella / Usted | congojare |
| Nosotros / as | congojáremos |
| Vosotros / as | congojareis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | congojaren |
| Vos | congojares |
Used for forming positive and negative commands, e.g. “cause anguish!” and “don’t cause anguish!”.
| Pronoun | Spanish Affirmative | Spanish Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Tú | congoja | no congojes |
| Él / Ella / Usted | congoje | no congoje |
| Nosotros / as | congojemos | no congojemos |
| Vosotros / as | congojad | no congojéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | congojen | no congojen |
| Vos | congojá | no congojes |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | haya congojado |
| Tú | hayas congojado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | haya congojado |
| Nosotros / as | hayamos congojado |
| Vosotros / as | hayáis congojado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hayan congojado |
| Vos | hayas congojado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiera congojado / hubiese congojado |
| Tú | hubieras congojado / hubieses congojado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiera congojado / hubiese congojado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéramos congojado / hubiésemos congojado |
| Vosotros / as | hubierais congojado / hubieseis congojado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieran congojado / hubiesen congojado |
| Vos | hubieras congojado / hubieses congojado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiere congojado |
| Tú | hubieres congojado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiere congojado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéremos congojado |
| Vosotros / as | hubiereis congojado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieren congojado |
| Vos | hubieres congojado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | esté congojando |
| Tú | estés congojando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | esté congojando |
| Nosotros / as | estemos congojando |
| Vosotros / as | estéis congojando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estén congojando |
| Vos | estés congojando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviera congojando / estuviese congojando |
| Tú | estuvieras congojando / estuvieses congojando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviera congojando / estuviese congojando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéramos congojando / estuviésamos congojando |
| Vosotros / as | estuvierais congojando / estuvieseis congojando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviera congojando / estuviese congojando |
| Vos | estuvieras congojando / estuvieses congojando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviere congojando |
| Tú | estuvieres congojando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviere congojando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéremos congojando |
| Vosotros / as | estuviereis congojando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviere congojando |
| Vos | estuvieres congojando |
Voseo is the practice of using ‘vos’ instead of ‘tú’ as the second-person singular pronoun, and is common throughout much of South America.
There are various versions of ‘voseo’ used throughout the Spanish-speaking world. The conjugations for the most common type – used throughout Argentina, parts of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguya and Uruguay are below.
The present indicative (presente de indicativo) and affirmative imperative (imperativo) have different conjugations from the tú form, while all other tenses generally use the tú form.
| Tense | Vos Conjugation |
|---|---|
| Present Indicative Presente de Indicativo | Vos congojás |
| Simle Past / Preterite Preterite de Indicativo | Vos congojaste |
| Imperfect Past Preterite Imperfecto de Indicativo | Vos congojabas |
| Conditional Condicional | Vos congojarías |
| Future Futuro de Indicativo | Vos congojarás |
| Present Subjunctive Presente de Subjunctivo | Vos congojes |
| Imperfect Subjunctive Imperfecto de Subjunctivo | Vos congojaras / Vos congojase |
| Affirmative Imperative Imperativo | Vos congojá |
| Negative Imperative Imperativo Negativo | Vos no congojes |