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Dañar is a Spanish verb which translates into English as “to damage, injure”.
Below are all of the conjugations for dañar in Spanish, in all three moods (indicative/indicativo, subjunctive/subjunctivo and imperative/imperativo) and all of the tenses, for each pronoun.
The vosotros pronoun is mainly used in mainland Spain, and is the informal second-person plural – it could be considered the Spanish version of “y’all”. It is rarely found in Latin America, where ustedes is used instead.
The vos form is used instead of tú in some Spanish speaking countries of South America, especially the Southern Cone (e.g. Argentina and Uruguay) and has a different conjugation.
| English Infinitive | to damage, injure |
|---|---|
| Spanish Infinitive | dañar |
The gerund (gerundio) is used with the continuous tenses, e.g. present continuous (está dañando) and past continuous (estaba dañando). The easiest way to think of it is the equivalent of english’s -ing form (e.g. damaging).
The past participle (participio) is used with perfect tense ‘haber’ verbs, e.g. he dañado and hubiera dañado. These are the equivalent of English’s ‘have’ (e.g. have damaged).
| Gerundio / Gerund | dañando |
|---|---|
| Participio / Past Participle | dañado |
The basic form of speech, el indicativo is used for making statements, talking about facts, events and things that are certain and objective.
The present tense is as it sounds – it’s for talking about things that are currently going on, which are habitual, or which generally exist. In English, this would be “I damage” or “they damage”.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | daño |
| Tú | dañas |
| Él / Ella / Usted | daña |
| Nosotros / as | dañamos |
| Vosotros / as | dañáis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | dañan |
| Vos | dañás |
Your simple past tense, e.g. “I damaged” or “she damaged” in English.
In Spanish, there are two past tenses where just one is used in English; the pretérite infefinido is typically used to refer to a concrete, specific moment in time.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | dañé | I damaged |
| Tú | dañaste | You damaged |
| Él / Ella / Usted | dañó | He / she / you damaged |
| Nosotros / as | dañamos | We damaged |
| Vosotros / as | dañasteis | You damaged |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | dañaron | They / you damaged |
| Vos | dañaste | You damaged |
The pretérito imperfecto roughly translates as “I was damaging” or “she was damaging” in English, and is typically used to describe things and set a scene, talk about events without a specific timeframe, or talk about habitual events or states in the past.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | dañaba | I was damaging |
| Tú | dañabas | You were damaging |
| Él / Ella / Usted | dañaba | He was / she was / you were damaging |
| Nosotros / as | dañábamos | We were damaging |
| Vosotros / as | dañabais | You were damaging |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | dañaban | They / you were damaging |
| Vos | dañabas | You were damaging |
The perfect tense is for talking about things which happened in the past but are still related to the present or continue into the present.
In English, these use the auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘has’ – i.e. “I have damaged” and “she has damaged”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | he dañado | I have damaged |
| Tú | has dañado | You have damaged |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ha dañado | He has / she has / you have damaged |
| Nosotros / as | hemos dañado | We have damaged |
| Vosotros / as | habéis dañado | You have damaged |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | han dañado | They / you have damaged |
| Vos | has dañado | You have damaged |
The conditional is used in place of the English modal verb “would”, i.e. “I would damage” or “she would damage”. It can be used to talk about hypothetical situations.
| Pronoun | Spanish | Englush |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | dañaría | I would damage |
| Tú | dañarías | You would damage |
| Él / Ella / Usted | dañaría | He / she / you would damage |
| Nosotros / as | dañaríamos | We would damage |
| Vosotros / as | dañaríais | You would damage |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | dañarían | They / you would damage |
| Vos | dañarías | You would damage |
The future tense, simply put, replaces the English modal verb “will” – i.e. “I will damage” or “they will damage”.
It is more commonly used for making a hypothesis about the present. To talk about the future, Spanish speakers frequently use “ir + a + infinivo”, e.g. “van a dañar” means “They are going to damage”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | dañaré | I will damage |
| Tú | dañarás | You will damage |
| Él / Ella / Usted | dañará | He / she / you will damage |
| Nosotros / as | dañaremos | We will damage |
| Vosotros / as | dañaréis | You will damage |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | dañarán | They / you will damage |
| Vos | dañarás | You will damage |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | dañe |
| Tú | dañes |
| Él / Ella / Usted | dañe |
| Nosotros / as | dañemos |
| Vosotros / as | dañéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | dañen |
| Vos | dañes |
There are two ways to form the imperfect subjunctive.
The first option sees verbs ending in -era (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ara (for -ar verbs), while the second sees verbs ending in -ese (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ase (for -ar verbs).
There is no difference between these two forms, and Spanish speakers use them interchangeably.
| Pronoun | Spanish era/ara | Spanish ese/ase |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | dañara | dañase |
| Tú | dañaras | dañase |
| Él / Ella / Usted | dañara | dañase |
| Nosotros / as | dañáramos | dañásemos |
| Vosotros / as | dañarais | dañaseis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | dañaran | dañasen |
| Vos | dañaras | dañase |
The future subjunctive is no longer used in modern-day Spanish, apart from in literary and legal contexts, and there is no need to learn it.
It is formed the same as the past/imperfect subjunctive, but with -e endings instead of -a endings.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | dañare |
| Tú | dañares |
| Él / Ella / Usted | dañare |
| Nosotros / as | dañáremos |
| Vosotros / as | dañareis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | dañaren |
| Vos | dañares |
Used for forming positive and negative commands, e.g. “damage!” and “don’t damage!”.
| Pronoun | Spanish Affirmative | Spanish Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Tú | daña | no dañes |
| Él / Ella / Usted | dañe | no dañe |
| Nosotros / as | dañemos | no dañemos |
| Vosotros / as | dañad | no dañéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | dañen | no dañen |
| Vos | dañá | no dañes |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | haya dañado |
| Tú | hayas dañado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | haya dañado |
| Nosotros / as | hayamos dañado |
| Vosotros / as | hayáis dañado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hayan dañado |
| Vos | hayas dañado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiera dañado / hubiese dañado |
| Tú | hubieras dañado / hubieses dañado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiera dañado / hubiese dañado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéramos dañado / hubiésemos dañado |
| Vosotros / as | hubierais dañado / hubieseis dañado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieran dañado / hubiesen dañado |
| Vos | hubieras dañado / hubieses dañado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiere dañado |
| Tú | hubieres dañado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiere dañado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéremos dañado |
| Vosotros / as | hubiereis dañado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieren dañado |
| Vos | hubieres dañado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | esté dañando |
| Tú | estés dañando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | esté dañando |
| Nosotros / as | estemos dañando |
| Vosotros / as | estéis dañando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estén dañando |
| Vos | estés dañando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviera dañando / estuviese dañando |
| Tú | estuvieras dañando / estuvieses dañando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviera dañando / estuviese dañando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéramos dañando / estuviésamos dañando |
| Vosotros / as | estuvierais dañando / estuvieseis dañando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviera dañando / estuviese dañando |
| Vos | estuvieras dañando / estuvieses dañando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviere dañando |
| Tú | estuvieres dañando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviere dañando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéremos dañando |
| Vosotros / as | estuviereis dañando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviere dañando |
| Vos | estuvieres dañando |
Voseo is the practice of using ‘vos’ instead of ‘tú’ as the second-person singular pronoun, and is common throughout much of South America.
There are various versions of ‘voseo’ used throughout the Spanish-speaking world. The conjugations for the most common type – used throughout Argentina, parts of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguya and Uruguay are below.
The present indicative (presente de indicativo) and affirmative imperative (imperativo) have different conjugations from the tú form, while all other tenses generally use the tú form.
| Tense | Vos Conjugation |
|---|---|
| Present Indicative Presente de Indicativo | Vos dañás |
| Simle Past / Preterite Preterite de Indicativo | Vos dañaste |
| Imperfect Past Preterite Imperfecto de Indicativo | Vos dañabas |
| Conditional Condicional | Vos dañarías |
| Future Futuro de Indicativo | Vos dañarás |
| Present Subjunctive Presente de Subjunctivo | Vos dañes |
| Imperfect Subjunctive Imperfecto de Subjunctivo | Vos dañaras / Vos dañase |
| Affirmative Imperative Imperativo | Vos dañá |
| Negative Imperative Imperativo Negativo | Vos no dañes |