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Denigrar is a Spanish verb which translates into English as “to denigrate, slander”.
Below are all of the conjugations for denigrar in Spanish, in all three moods (indicative/indicativo, subjunctive/subjunctivo and imperative/imperativo) and all of the tenses, for each pronoun.
The vosotros pronoun is mainly used in mainland Spain, and is the informal second-person plural – it could be considered the Spanish version of “y’all”. It is rarely found in Latin America, where ustedes is used instead.
The vos form is used instead of tú in some Spanish speaking countries of South America, especially the Southern Cone (e.g. Argentina and Uruguay) and has a different conjugation.
| English Infinitive | to denigrate, slander |
|---|---|
| Spanish Infinitive | denigrar |
The gerund (gerundio) is used with the continuous tenses, e.g. present continuous (está denigrando) and past continuous (estaba denigrando). The easiest way to think of it is the equivalent of english’s -ing form (e.g. denigrating).
The past participle (participio) is used with perfect tense ‘haber’ verbs, e.g. he denigrado and hubiera denigrado. These are the equivalent of English’s ‘have’ (e.g. have denigrated).
| Gerundio / Gerund | denigrando |
|---|---|
| Participio / Past Participle | denigrado |
The basic form of speech, el indicativo is used for making statements, talking about facts, events and things that are certain and objective.
The present tense is as it sounds – it’s for talking about things that are currently going on, which are habitual, or which generally exist. In English, this would be “I denigrate” or “they denigrate”.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | denigro |
| Tú | denigras |
| Él / Ella / Usted | denigra |
| Nosotros / as | denigramos |
| Vosotros / as | denigráis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | denigran |
| Vos | denigrás |
Your simple past tense, e.g. “I denigrated” or “she denigrated” in English.
In Spanish, there are two past tenses where just one is used in English; the pretérite infefinido is typically used to refer to a concrete, specific moment in time.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | denigré | I denigrated |
| Tú | denigraste | You denigrated |
| Él / Ella / Usted | denigró | He / she / you denigrated |
| Nosotros / as | denigramos | We denigrated |
| Vosotros / as | denigrasteis | You denigrated |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | denigraron | They / you denigrated |
| Vos | denigraste | You denigrated |
The pretérito imperfecto roughly translates as “I was denigrating” or “she was denigrating” in English, and is typically used to describe things and set a scene, talk about events without a specific timeframe, or talk about habitual events or states in the past.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | denigraba | I was denigrating |
| Tú | denigrabas | You were denigrating |
| Él / Ella / Usted | denigraba | He was / she was / you were denigrating |
| Nosotros / as | denigrábamos | We were denigrating |
| Vosotros / as | denigrabais | You were denigrating |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | denigraban | They / you were denigrating |
| Vos | denigrabas | You were denigrating |
The perfect tense is for talking about things which happened in the past but are still related to the present or continue into the present.
In English, these use the auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘has’ – i.e. “I have denigrated” and “she has denigrated”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | he denigrado | I have denigrated |
| Tú | has denigrado | You have denigrated |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ha denigrado | He has / she has / you have denigrated |
| Nosotros / as | hemos denigrado | We have denigrated |
| Vosotros / as | habéis denigrado | You have denigrated |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | han denigrado | They / you have denigrated |
| Vos | has denigrado | You have denigrated |
The conditional is used in place of the English modal verb “would”, i.e. “I would denigrate” or “she would denigrate”. It can be used to talk about hypothetical situations.
| Pronoun | Spanish | Englush |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | denigraría | I would denigrate |
| Tú | denigrarías | You would denigrate |
| Él / Ella / Usted | denigraría | He / she / you would denigrate |
| Nosotros / as | denigraríamos | We would denigrate |
| Vosotros / as | denigraríais | You would denigrate |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | denigrarían | They / you would denigrate |
| Vos | denigrarías | You would denigrate |
The future tense, simply put, replaces the English modal verb “will” – i.e. “I will denigrate” or “they will denigrate”.
It is more commonly used for making a hypothesis about the present. To talk about the future, Spanish speakers frequently use “ir + a + infinivo”, e.g. “van a denigrar” means “They are going to denigrate”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | denigraré | I will denigrate |
| Tú | denigrarás | You will denigrate |
| Él / Ella / Usted | denigrará | He / she / you will denigrate |
| Nosotros / as | denigraremos | We will denigrate |
| Vosotros / as | denigraréis | You will denigrate |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | denigrarán | They / you will denigrate |
| Vos | denigrarás | You will denigrate |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | denigre |
| Tú | denigres |
| Él / Ella / Usted | denigre |
| Nosotros / as | denigremos |
| Vosotros / as | denigréis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | denigren |
| Vos | denigres |
There are two ways to form the imperfect subjunctive.
The first option sees verbs ending in -era (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ara (for -ar verbs), while the second sees verbs ending in -ese (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ase (for -ar verbs).
There is no difference between these two forms, and Spanish speakers use them interchangeably.
| Pronoun | Spanish era/ara | Spanish ese/ase |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | denigrara | denigrase |
| Tú | denigraras | denigrase |
| Él / Ella / Usted | denigrara | denigrase |
| Nosotros / as | denigráramos | denigrásemos |
| Vosotros / as | denigrarais | denigraseis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | denigraran | denigrasen |
| Vos | denigraras | denigrase |
The future subjunctive is no longer used in modern-day Spanish, apart from in literary and legal contexts, and there is no need to learn it.
It is formed the same as the past/imperfect subjunctive, but with -e endings instead of -a endings.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | denigrare |
| Tú | denigrares |
| Él / Ella / Usted | denigrare |
| Nosotros / as | denigráremos |
| Vosotros / as | denigrareis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | denigraren |
| Vos | denigrares |
Used for forming positive and negative commands, e.g. “denigrate!” and “don’t denigrate!”.
| Pronoun | Spanish Affirmative | Spanish Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Tú | denigra | no denigres |
| Él / Ella / Usted | denigre | no denigre |
| Nosotros / as | denigremos | no denigremos |
| Vosotros / as | denigrad | no denigréis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | denigren | no denigren |
| Vos | denigrá | no denigres |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | haya denigrado |
| Tú | hayas denigrado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | haya denigrado |
| Nosotros / as | hayamos denigrado |
| Vosotros / as | hayáis denigrado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hayan denigrado |
| Vos | hayas denigrado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiera denigrado / hubiese denigrado |
| Tú | hubieras denigrado / hubieses denigrado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiera denigrado / hubiese denigrado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéramos denigrado / hubiésemos denigrado |
| Vosotros / as | hubierais denigrado / hubieseis denigrado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieran denigrado / hubiesen denigrado |
| Vos | hubieras denigrado / hubieses denigrado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiere denigrado |
| Tú | hubieres denigrado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiere denigrado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéremos denigrado |
| Vosotros / as | hubiereis denigrado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieren denigrado |
| Vos | hubieres denigrado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | esté denigrando |
| Tú | estés denigrando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | esté denigrando |
| Nosotros / as | estemos denigrando |
| Vosotros / as | estéis denigrando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estén denigrando |
| Vos | estés denigrando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviera denigrando / estuviese denigrando |
| Tú | estuvieras denigrando / estuvieses denigrando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviera denigrando / estuviese denigrando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéramos denigrando / estuviésamos denigrando |
| Vosotros / as | estuvierais denigrando / estuvieseis denigrando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviera denigrando / estuviese denigrando |
| Vos | estuvieras denigrando / estuvieses denigrando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviere denigrando |
| Tú | estuvieres denigrando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviere denigrando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéremos denigrando |
| Vosotros / as | estuviereis denigrando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviere denigrando |
| Vos | estuvieres denigrando |
Voseo is the practice of using ‘vos’ instead of ‘tú’ as the second-person singular pronoun, and is common throughout much of South America.
There are various versions of ‘voseo’ used throughout the Spanish-speaking world. The conjugations for the most common type – used throughout Argentina, parts of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguya and Uruguay are below.
The present indicative (presente de indicativo) and affirmative imperative (imperativo) have different conjugations from the tú form, while all other tenses generally use the tú form.
| Tense | Vos Conjugation |
|---|---|
| Present Indicative Presente de Indicativo | Vos denigrás |
| Simle Past / Preterite Preterite de Indicativo | Vos denigraste |
| Imperfect Past Preterite Imperfecto de Indicativo | Vos denigrabas |
| Conditional Condicional | Vos denigrarías |
| Future Futuro de Indicativo | Vos denigrarás |
| Present Subjunctive Presente de Subjunctivo | Vos denigres |
| Imperfect Subjunctive Imperfecto de Subjunctivo | Vos denigraras / Vos denigrase |
| Affirmative Imperative Imperativo | Vos denigrá |
| Negative Imperative Imperativo Negativo | Vos no denigres |