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Estornudar is a Spanish verb which translates into English as “to sneeze”.
Below are all of the conjugations for estornudar in Spanish, in all three moods (indicative/indicativo, subjunctive/subjunctivo and imperative/imperativo) and all of the tenses, for each pronoun.
The vosotros pronoun is mainly used in mainland Spain, and is the informal second-person plural – it could be considered the Spanish version of “y’all”. It is rarely found in Latin America, where ustedes is used instead.
The vos form is used instead of tú in some Spanish speaking countries of South America, especially the Southern Cone (e.g. Argentina and Uruguay) and has a different conjugation.
| English Infinitive | to sneeze |
|---|---|
| Spanish Infinitive | estornudar |
The gerund (gerundio) is used with the continuous tenses, e.g. present continuous (está estornudando) and past continuous (estaba estornudando). The easiest way to think of it is the equivalent of english’s -ing form (e.g. sneezing).
The past participle (participio) is used with perfect tense ‘haber’ verbs, e.g. he estornudado and hubiera estornudado. These are the equivalent of English’s ‘have’ (e.g. have sneezed).
| Gerundio / Gerund | estornudando |
|---|---|
| Participio / Past Participle | estornudado |
The basic form of speech, el indicativo is used for making statements, talking about facts, events and things that are certain and objective.
The present tense is as it sounds – it’s for talking about things that are currently going on, which are habitual, or which generally exist. In English, this would be “I sneeze” or “they sneeze”.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estornudo |
| Tú | estornudas |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estornuda |
| Nosotros / as | estornudamos |
| Vosotros / as | estornudáis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estornudan |
| Vos | estornudás |
Your simple past tense, e.g. “I sneezed” or “she sneezed” in English.
In Spanish, there are two past tenses where just one is used in English; the pretérite infefinido is typically used to refer to a concrete, specific moment in time.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | estornudé | I sneezed |
| Tú | estornudaste | You sneezed |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estornudó | He / she / you sneezed |
| Nosotros / as | estornudamos | We sneezed |
| Vosotros / as | estornudasteis | You sneezed |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estornudaron | They / you sneezed |
| Vos | estornudaste | You sneezed |
The pretérito imperfecto roughly translates as “I was sneezing” or “she was sneezing” in English, and is typically used to describe things and set a scene, talk about events without a specific timeframe, or talk about habitual events or states in the past.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | estornudaba | I was sneezing |
| Tú | estornudabas | You were sneezing |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estornudaba | He was / she was / you were sneezing |
| Nosotros / as | estornudábamos | We were sneezing |
| Vosotros / as | estornudabais | You were sneezing |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estornudaban | They / you were sneezing |
| Vos | estornudabas | You were sneezing |
The perfect tense is for talking about things which happened in the past but are still related to the present or continue into the present.
In English, these use the auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘has’ – i.e. “I have sneezed” and “she has sneezed”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | he estornudado | I have sneezed |
| Tú | has estornudado | You have sneezed |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ha estornudado | He has / she has / you have sneezed |
| Nosotros / as | hemos estornudado | We have sneezed |
| Vosotros / as | habéis estornudado | You have sneezed |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | han estornudado | They / you have sneezed |
| Vos | has estornudado | You have sneezed |
The conditional is used in place of the English modal verb “would”, i.e. “I would sneeze” or “she would sneeze”. It can be used to talk about hypothetical situations.
| Pronoun | Spanish | Englush |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | estornudaría | I would sneeze |
| Tú | estornudarías | You would sneeze |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estornudaría | He / she / you would sneeze |
| Nosotros / as | estornudaríamos | We would sneeze |
| Vosotros / as | estornudaríais | You would sneeze |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estornudarían | They / you would sneeze |
| Vos | estornudarías | You would sneeze |
The future tense, simply put, replaces the English modal verb “will” – i.e. “I will sneeze” or “they will sneeze”.
It is more commonly used for making a hypothesis about the present. To talk about the future, Spanish speakers frequently use “ir + a + infinivo”, e.g. “van a estornudar” means “They are going to sneeze”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | estornudaré | I will sneeze |
| Tú | estornudarás | You will sneeze |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estornudará | He / she / you will sneeze |
| Nosotros / as | estornudaremos | We will sneeze |
| Vosotros / as | estornudaréis | You will sneeze |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estornudarán | They / you will sneeze |
| Vos | estornudarás | You will sneeze |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estornude |
| Tú | estornudes |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estornude |
| Nosotros / as | estornudemos |
| Vosotros / as | estornudéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estornuden |
| Vos | estornudes |
There are two ways to form the imperfect subjunctive.
The first option sees verbs ending in -era (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ara (for -ar verbs), while the second sees verbs ending in -ese (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ase (for -ar verbs).
There is no difference between these two forms, and Spanish speakers use them interchangeably.
| Pronoun | Spanish era/ara | Spanish ese/ase |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | estornudara | estornudase |
| Tú | estornudaras | estornudase |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estornudara | estornudase |
| Nosotros / as | estornudáramos | estornudásemos |
| Vosotros / as | estornudarais | estornudaseis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estornudaran | estornudasen |
| Vos | estornudaras | estornudase |
The future subjunctive is no longer used in modern-day Spanish, apart from in literary and legal contexts, and there is no need to learn it.
It is formed the same as the past/imperfect subjunctive, but with -e endings instead of -a endings.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estornudare |
| Tú | estornudares |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estornudare |
| Nosotros / as | estornudáremos |
| Vosotros / as | estornudareis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estornudaren |
| Vos | estornudares |
Used for forming positive and negative commands, e.g. “sneeze!” and “don’t sneeze!”.
| Pronoun | Spanish Affirmative | Spanish Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Tú | estornuda | no estornudes |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estornude | no estornude |
| Nosotros / as | estornudemos | no estornudemos |
| Vosotros / as | estornudad | no estornudéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estornuden | no estornuden |
| Vos | estornudá | no estornudes |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | haya estornudado |
| Tú | hayas estornudado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | haya estornudado |
| Nosotros / as | hayamos estornudado |
| Vosotros / as | hayáis estornudado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hayan estornudado |
| Vos | hayas estornudado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiera estornudado / hubiese estornudado |
| Tú | hubieras estornudado / hubieses estornudado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiera estornudado / hubiese estornudado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéramos estornudado / hubiésemos estornudado |
| Vosotros / as | hubierais estornudado / hubieseis estornudado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieran estornudado / hubiesen estornudado |
| Vos | hubieras estornudado / hubieses estornudado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiere estornudado |
| Tú | hubieres estornudado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiere estornudado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéremos estornudado |
| Vosotros / as | hubiereis estornudado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieren estornudado |
| Vos | hubieres estornudado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | esté estornudando |
| Tú | estés estornudando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | esté estornudando |
| Nosotros / as | estemos estornudando |
| Vosotros / as | estéis estornudando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estén estornudando |
| Vos | estés estornudando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviera estornudando / estuviese estornudando |
| Tú | estuvieras estornudando / estuvieses estornudando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviera estornudando / estuviese estornudando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéramos estornudando / estuviésamos estornudando |
| Vosotros / as | estuvierais estornudando / estuvieseis estornudando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviera estornudando / estuviese estornudando |
| Vos | estuvieras estornudando / estuvieses estornudando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviere estornudando |
| Tú | estuvieres estornudando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviere estornudando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéremos estornudando |
| Vosotros / as | estuviereis estornudando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviere estornudando |
| Vos | estuvieres estornudando |
Voseo is the practice of using ‘vos’ instead of ‘tú’ as the second-person singular pronoun, and is common throughout much of South America.
There are various versions of ‘voseo’ used throughout the Spanish-speaking world. The conjugations for the most common type – used throughout Argentina, parts of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguya and Uruguay are below.
The present indicative (presente de indicativo) and affirmative imperative (imperativo) have different conjugations from the tú form, while all other tenses generally use the tú form.
| Tense | Vos Conjugation |
|---|---|
| Present Indicative Presente de Indicativo | Vos estornudás |
| Simle Past / Preterite Preterite de Indicativo | Vos estornudaste |
| Imperfect Past Preterite Imperfecto de Indicativo | Vos estornudabas |
| Conditional Condicional | Vos estornudarías |
| Future Futuro de Indicativo | Vos estornudarás |
| Present Subjunctive Presente de Subjunctivo | Vos estornudes |
| Imperfect Subjunctive Imperfecto de Subjunctivo | Vos estornudaras / Vos estornudase |
| Affirmative Imperative Imperativo | Vos estornudá |
| Negative Imperative Imperativo Negativo | Vos no estornudes |