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Fluctuar is a Spanish verb which translates into English as “to fluctuate, rise and fall”.
Below are all of the conjugations for fluctuar in Spanish, in all three moods (indicative/indicativo, subjunctive/subjunctivo and imperative/imperativo) and all of the tenses, for each pronoun.
The vosotros pronoun is mainly used in mainland Spain, and is the informal second-person plural – it could be considered the Spanish version of “y’all”. It is rarely found in Latin America, where ustedes is used instead.
The vos form is used instead of tú in some Spanish speaking countries of South America, especially the Southern Cone (e.g. Argentina and Uruguay) and has a different conjugation.
| English Infinitive | to fluctuate, rise and fall |
|---|---|
| Spanish Infinitive | fluctuar |
The gerund (gerundio) is used with the continuous tenses, e.g. present continuous (está fluctuando) and past continuous (estaba fluctuando). The easiest way to think of it is the equivalent of english’s -ing form (e.g. fluctuated).
The past participle (participio) is used with perfect tense ‘haber’ verbs, e.g. he fluctuated and hubiera fluctuated. These are the equivalent of English’s ‘have’ (e.g. have fluctuating).
| Gerundio / Gerund | fluctuando |
|---|---|
| Participio / Past Participle | fluctuated |
The basic form of speech, el indicativo is used for making statements, talking about facts, events and things that are certain and objective.
The present tense is as it sounds – it’s for talking about things that are currently going on, which are habitual, or which generally exist. In English, this would be “I fluctuate” or “they fluctuate”.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | fluctúo |
| Tú | fluctúas |
| Él / Ella / Usted | fluctúa |
| Nosotros / as | fluctuamos |
| Vosotros / as | fluctuáis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | fluctúan |
| Vos | fluctuás |
Your simple past tense, e.g. “I fluctuate” or “she fluctuate” in English.
In Spanish, there are two past tenses where just one is used in English; the pretérite infefinido is typically used to refer to a concrete, specific moment in time.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | fluctué | I fluctuate |
| Tú | fluctuaste | You fluctuate |
| Él / Ella / Usted | fluctuó | He / she / you fluctuate |
| Nosotros / as | fluctuamos | We fluctuate |
| Vosotros / as | fluctuasteis | You fluctuate |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | fluctuaron | They / you fluctuate |
| Vos | fluctuaste | You fluctuate |
The pretérito imperfecto roughly translates as “I was fluctuated” or “she was fluctuated” in English, and is typically used to describe things and set a scene, talk about events without a specific timeframe, or talk about habitual events or states in the past.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | fluctuaba | I was fluctuated |
| Tú | fluctuabas | You were fluctuated |
| Él / Ella / Usted | fluctuaba | He was / she was / you were fluctuated |
| Nosotros / as | fluctuábamos | We were fluctuated |
| Vosotros / as | fluctuabais | You were fluctuated |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | fluctuaban | They / you were fluctuated |
| Vos | fluctuabas | You were fluctuated |
The perfect tense is for talking about things which happened in the past but are still related to the present or continue into the present.
In English, these use the auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘has’ – i.e. “I have fluctuating” and “she has fluctuating”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | he fluctuated | I have fluctuating |
| Tú | has fluctuated | You have fluctuating |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ha fluctuated | He has / she has / you have fluctuating |
| Nosotros / as | hemos fluctuated | We have fluctuating |
| Vosotros / as | habéis fluctuated | You have fluctuating |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | han fluctuated | They / you have fluctuating |
| Vos | has fluctuated | You have fluctuating |
The conditional is used in place of the English modal verb “would”, i.e. “I would fluctuate” or “she would fluctuate”. It can be used to talk about hypothetical situations.
| Pronoun | Spanish | Englush |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | fluctuaría | I would fluctuate |
| Tú | fluctuarías | You would fluctuate |
| Él / Ella / Usted | fluctuaría | He / she / you would fluctuate |
| Nosotros / as | fluctuaríamos | We would fluctuate |
| Vosotros / as | fluctuaríais | You would fluctuate |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | fluctuarían | They / you would fluctuate |
| Vos | fluctuarías | You would fluctuate |
The future tense, simply put, replaces the English modal verb “will” – i.e. “I will fluctuate” or “they will fluctuate”.
It is more commonly used for making a hypothesis about the present. To talk about the future, Spanish speakers frequently use “ir + a + infinivo”, e.g. “van a fluctuar” means “They are going to fluctuate”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | fluctuaré | I will fluctuate |
| Tú | fluctuarás | You will fluctuate |
| Él / Ella / Usted | fluctuará | He / she / you will fluctuate |
| Nosotros / as | fluctuaremos | We will fluctuate |
| Vosotros / as | fluctuaréis | You will fluctuate |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | fluctuarán | They / you will fluctuate |
| Vos | fluctuarás | You will fluctuate |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | fluctúe |
| Tú | fluctúes |
| Él / Ella / Usted | fluctúe |
| Nosotros / as | fluctuemos |
| Vosotros / as | fluctuéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | fluctúen |
| Vos | fluctúes |
There are two ways to form the imperfect subjunctive.
The first option sees verbs ending in -era (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ara (for -ar verbs), while the second sees verbs ending in -ese (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ase (for -ar verbs).
There is no difference between these two forms, and Spanish speakers use them interchangeably.
| Pronoun | Spanish era/ara | Spanish ese/ase |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | fluctuara | fluctuase |
| Tú | fluctuaras | fluctuase |
| Él / Ella / Usted | fluctuara | fluctuase |
| Nosotros / as | fluctuáramos | fluctuásemos |
| Vosotros / as | fluctuarais | fluctuaseis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | fluctuaran | fluctuasen |
| Vos | fluctuaras | fluctuase |
The future subjunctive is no longer used in modern-day Spanish, apart from in literary and legal contexts, and there is no need to learn it.
It is formed the same as the past/imperfect subjunctive, but with -e endings instead of -a endings.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | fluctuare |
| Tú | fluctuares |
| Él / Ella / Usted | fluctuare |
| Nosotros / as | fluctuáremos |
| Vosotros / as | fluctuareis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | fluctuaren |
| Vos | fluctuares |
Used for forming positive and negative commands, e.g. “fluctuate!” and “don’t fluctuate!”.
| Pronoun | Spanish Affirmative | Spanish Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Tú | fluctúa | no fluctúes |
| Él / Ella / Usted | fluctúe | no fluctúe |
| Nosotros / as | fluctuemos | no fluctuemos |
| Vosotros / as | fluctuad | no fluctuéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | fluctúen | no fluctúen |
| Vos | fluctuá | no fluctúes |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | haya fluctuated |
| Tú | hayas fluctuated |
| Él / Ella / Usted | haya fluctuated |
| Nosotros / as | hayamos fluctuated |
| Vosotros / as | hayáis fluctuated |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hayan fluctuated |
| Vos | hayas fluctuated |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiera fluctuated / hubiese fluctuated |
| Tú | hubieras fluctuated / hubieses fluctuated |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiera fluctuated / hubiese fluctuated |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéramos fluctuated / hubiésemos fluctuated |
| Vosotros / as | hubierais fluctuated / hubieseis fluctuated |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieran fluctuated / hubiesen fluctuated |
| Vos | hubieras fluctuated / hubieses fluctuated |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiere fluctuated |
| Tú | hubieres fluctuated |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiere fluctuated |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéremos fluctuated |
| Vosotros / as | hubiereis fluctuated |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieren fluctuated |
| Vos | hubieres fluctuated |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | esté fluctuando |
| Tú | estés fluctuando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | esté fluctuando |
| Nosotros / as | estemos fluctuando |
| Vosotros / as | estéis fluctuando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estén fluctuando |
| Vos | estés fluctuando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviera fluctuando / estuviese fluctuando |
| Tú | estuvieras fluctuando / estuvieses fluctuando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviera fluctuando / estuviese fluctuando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéramos fluctuando / estuviésamos fluctuando |
| Vosotros / as | estuvierais fluctuando / estuvieseis fluctuando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviera fluctuando / estuviese fluctuando |
| Vos | estuvieras fluctuando / estuvieses fluctuando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviere fluctuando |
| Tú | estuvieres fluctuando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviere fluctuando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéremos fluctuando |
| Vosotros / as | estuviereis fluctuando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviere fluctuando |
| Vos | estuvieres fluctuando |
Voseo is the practice of using ‘vos’ instead of ‘tú’ as the second-person singular pronoun, and is common throughout much of South America.
There are various versions of ‘voseo’ used throughout the Spanish-speaking world. The conjugations for the most common type – used throughout Argentina, parts of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguya and Uruguay are below.
The present indicative (presente de indicativo) and affirmative imperative (imperativo) have different conjugations from the tú form, while all other tenses generally use the tú form.
| Tense | Vos Conjugation |
|---|---|
| Present Indicative Presente de Indicativo | Vos fluctuás |
| Simle Past / Preterite Preterite de Indicativo | Vos fluctuaste |
| Imperfect Past Preterite Imperfecto de Indicativo | Vos fluctuabas |
| Conditional Condicional | Vos fluctuarías |
| Future Futuro de Indicativo | Vos fluctuarás |
| Present Subjunctive Presente de Subjunctivo | Vos fluctúes |
| Imperfect Subjunctive Imperfecto de Subjunctivo | Vos fluctuaras / Vos fluctuase |
| Affirmative Imperative Imperativo | Vos fluctuá |
| Negative Imperative Imperativo Negativo | Vos no fluctúes |