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Gravar is a Spanish verb which translates into English as “to tax, impose”.
Below are all of the conjugations for gravar in Spanish, in all three moods (indicative/indicativo, subjunctive/subjunctivo and imperative/imperativo) and all of the tenses, for each pronoun.
The vosotros pronoun is mainly used in mainland Spain, and is the informal second-person plural – it could be considered the Spanish version of “y’all”. It is rarely found in Latin America, where ustedes is used instead.
The vos form is used instead of tú in some Spanish speaking countries of South America, especially the Southern Cone (e.g. Argentina and Uruguay) and has a different conjugation.
| English Infinitive | to tax, impose |
|---|---|
| Spanish Infinitive | gravar |
The gerund (gerundio) is used with the continuous tenses, e.g. present continuous (está gravando) and past continuous (estaba gravando). The easiest way to think of it is the equivalent of english’s -ing form (e.g. taxed).
The past participle (participio) is used with perfect tense ‘haber’ verbs, e.g. he taxed and hubiera taxed. These are the equivalent of English’s ‘have’ (e.g. have taxing).
| Gerundio / Gerund | gravando |
|---|---|
| Participio / Past Participle | taxed |
The basic form of speech, el indicativo is used for making statements, talking about facts, events and things that are certain and objective.
The present tense is as it sounds – it’s for talking about things that are currently going on, which are habitual, or which generally exist. In English, this would be “I tax” or “they tax”.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | gravo |
| Tú | gravas |
| Él / Ella / Usted | grava |
| Nosotros / as | gravamos |
| Vosotros / as | graváis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | gravan |
| Vos | gravás |
Your simple past tense, e.g. “I tax” or “she tax” in English.
In Spanish, there are two past tenses where just one is used in English; the pretérite infefinido is typically used to refer to a concrete, specific moment in time.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | gravé | I tax |
| Tú | gravaste | You tax |
| Él / Ella / Usted | gravó | He / she / you tax |
| Nosotros / as | gravamos | We tax |
| Vosotros / as | gravasteis | You tax |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | gravaron | They / you tax |
| Vos | gravaste | You tax |
The pretérito imperfecto roughly translates as “I was taxed” or “she was taxed” in English, and is typically used to describe things and set a scene, talk about events without a specific timeframe, or talk about habitual events or states in the past.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | gravaba | I was taxed |
| Tú | gravabas | You were taxed |
| Él / Ella / Usted | gravaba | He was / she was / you were taxed |
| Nosotros / as | gravábamos | We were taxed |
| Vosotros / as | gravabais | You were taxed |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | gravaban | They / you were taxed |
| Vos | gravabas | You were taxed |
The perfect tense is for talking about things which happened in the past but are still related to the present or continue into the present.
In English, these use the auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘has’ – i.e. “I have taxing” and “she has taxing”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | he taxed | I have taxing |
| Tú | has taxed | You have taxing |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ha taxed | He has / she has / you have taxing |
| Nosotros / as | hemos taxed | We have taxing |
| Vosotros / as | habéis taxed | You have taxing |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | han taxed | They / you have taxing |
| Vos | has taxed | You have taxing |
The conditional is used in place of the English modal verb “would”, i.e. “I would tax” or “she would tax”. It can be used to talk about hypothetical situations.
| Pronoun | Spanish | Englush |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | gravaría | I would tax |
| Tú | gravarías | You would tax |
| Él / Ella / Usted | gravaría | He / she / you would tax |
| Nosotros / as | gravaríamos | We would tax |
| Vosotros / as | gravaríais | You would tax |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | gravarían | They / you would tax |
| Vos | gravarías | You would tax |
The future tense, simply put, replaces the English modal verb “will” – i.e. “I will tax” or “they will tax”.
It is more commonly used for making a hypothesis about the present. To talk about the future, Spanish speakers frequently use “ir + a + infinivo”, e.g. “van a gravar” means “They are going to tax”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | gravaré | I will tax |
| Tú | gravarás | You will tax |
| Él / Ella / Usted | gravará | He / she / you will tax |
| Nosotros / as | gravaremos | We will tax |
| Vosotros / as | gravaréis | You will tax |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | gravarán | They / you will tax |
| Vos | gravarás | You will tax |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | grave |
| Tú | graves |
| Él / Ella / Usted | grave |
| Nosotros / as | gravemos |
| Vosotros / as | gravéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | graven |
| Vos | graves |
There are two ways to form the imperfect subjunctive.
The first option sees verbs ending in -era (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ara (for -ar verbs), while the second sees verbs ending in -ese (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ase (for -ar verbs).
There is no difference between these two forms, and Spanish speakers use them interchangeably.
| Pronoun | Spanish era/ara | Spanish ese/ase |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | gravara | gravase |
| Tú | gravaras | gravase |
| Él / Ella / Usted | gravara | gravase |
| Nosotros / as | graváramos | gravásemos |
| Vosotros / as | gravarais | gravaseis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | gravaran | gravasen |
| Vos | gravaras | gravase |
The future subjunctive is no longer used in modern-day Spanish, apart from in literary and legal contexts, and there is no need to learn it.
It is formed the same as the past/imperfect subjunctive, but with -e endings instead of -a endings.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | gravare |
| Tú | gravares |
| Él / Ella / Usted | gravare |
| Nosotros / as | graváremos |
| Vosotros / as | gravareis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | gravaren |
| Vos | gravares |
Used for forming positive and negative commands, e.g. “tax!” and “don’t tax!”.
| Pronoun | Spanish Affirmative | Spanish Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Tú | grava | no graves |
| Él / Ella / Usted | grave | no grave |
| Nosotros / as | gravemos | no gravemos |
| Vosotros / as | gravad | no gravéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | graven | no graven |
| Vos | gravá | no graves |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | haya taxed |
| Tú | hayas taxed |
| Él / Ella / Usted | haya taxed |
| Nosotros / as | hayamos taxed |
| Vosotros / as | hayáis taxed |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hayan taxed |
| Vos | hayas taxed |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiera taxed / hubiese taxed |
| Tú | hubieras taxed / hubieses taxed |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiera taxed / hubiese taxed |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéramos taxed / hubiésemos taxed |
| Vosotros / as | hubierais taxed / hubieseis taxed |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieran taxed / hubiesen taxed |
| Vos | hubieras taxed / hubieses taxed |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiere taxed |
| Tú | hubieres taxed |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiere taxed |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéremos taxed |
| Vosotros / as | hubiereis taxed |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieren taxed |
| Vos | hubieres taxed |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | esté gravando |
| Tú | estés gravando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | esté gravando |
| Nosotros / as | estemos gravando |
| Vosotros / as | estéis gravando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estén gravando |
| Vos | estés gravando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviera gravando / estuviese gravando |
| Tú | estuvieras gravando / estuvieses gravando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviera gravando / estuviese gravando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéramos gravando / estuviésamos gravando |
| Vosotros / as | estuvierais gravando / estuvieseis gravando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviera gravando / estuviese gravando |
| Vos | estuvieras gravando / estuvieses gravando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviere gravando |
| Tú | estuvieres gravando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviere gravando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéremos gravando |
| Vosotros / as | estuviereis gravando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviere gravando |
| Vos | estuvieres gravando |
Voseo is the practice of using ‘vos’ instead of ‘tú’ as the second-person singular pronoun, and is common throughout much of South America.
There are various versions of ‘voseo’ used throughout the Spanish-speaking world. The conjugations for the most common type – used throughout Argentina, parts of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguya and Uruguay are below.
The present indicative (presente de indicativo) and affirmative imperative (imperativo) have different conjugations from the tú form, while all other tenses generally use the tú form.
| Tense | Vos Conjugation |
|---|---|
| Present Indicative Presente de Indicativo | Vos gravás |
| Simle Past / Preterite Preterite de Indicativo | Vos gravaste |
| Imperfect Past Preterite Imperfecto de Indicativo | Vos gravabas |
| Conditional Condicional | Vos gravarías |
| Future Futuro de Indicativo | Vos gravarás |
| Present Subjunctive Presente de Subjunctivo | Vos graves |
| Imperfect Subjunctive Imperfecto de Subjunctivo | Vos gravaras / Vos gravase |
| Affirmative Imperative Imperativo | Vos gravá |
| Negative Imperative Imperativo Negativo | Vos no graves |