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Inferir is a Spanish verb which translates into English as “to infer, deduce”.
Below are all of the conjugations for inferir in Spanish, in all three moods (indicative/indicativo, subjunctive/subjunctivo and imperative/imperativo) and all of the tenses, for each pronoun.
The vosotros pronoun is mainly used in mainland Spain, and is the informal second-person plural – it could be considered the Spanish version of “y’all”. It is rarely found in Latin America, where ustedes is used instead.
The vos form is used instead of tú in some Spanish speaking countries of South America, especially the Southern Cone (e.g. Argentina and Uruguay) and has a different conjugation.
| English Infinitive | to infer, deduce |
|---|---|
| Spanish Infinitive | inferir |
The gerund (gerundio) is used with the continuous tenses, e.g. present continuous (está infiriendo) and past continuous (estaba infiriendo). The easiest way to think of it is the equivalent of english’s -ing form (e.g. inferring).
The past participle (participio) is used with perfect tense ‘haber’ verbs, e.g. he inferido and hubiera inferido. These are the equivalent of English’s ‘have’ (e.g. have inferred).
| Gerundio / Gerund | infiriendo |
|---|---|
| Participio / Past Participle | inferido |
The basic form of speech, el indicativo is used for making statements, talking about facts, events and things that are certain and objective.
The present tense is as it sounds – it’s for talking about things that are currently going on, which are habitual, or which generally exist. In English, this would be “I infer” or “they infer”.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | infiero |
| Tú | infieres |
| Él / Ella / Usted | infiere |
| Nosotros / as | inferimos |
| Vosotros / as | inferís |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | infieren |
| Vos | inferís |
Your simple past tense, e.g. “I inferred” or “she inferred” in English.
In Spanish, there are two past tenses where just one is used in English; the pretérite infefinido is typically used to refer to a concrete, specific moment in time.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | inferí | I inferred |
| Tú | inferiste | You inferred |
| Él / Ella / Usted | infirió | He / she / you inferred |
| Nosotros / as | inferimos | We inferred |
| Vosotros / as | inferisteis | You inferred |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | infirieron | They / you inferred |
| Vos | inferiste | You inferred |
The pretérito imperfecto roughly translates as “I was inferring” or “she was inferring” in English, and is typically used to describe things and set a scene, talk about events without a specific timeframe, or talk about habitual events or states in the past.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | infería | I was inferring |
| Tú | inferías | You were inferring |
| Él / Ella / Usted | infería | He was / she was / you were inferring |
| Nosotros / as | inferíamos | We were inferring |
| Vosotros / as | inferíais | You were inferring |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | inferían | They / you were inferring |
| Vos | inferías | You were inferring |
The perfect tense is for talking about things which happened in the past but are still related to the present or continue into the present.
In English, these use the auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘has’ – i.e. “I have inferred” and “she has inferred”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | he inferido | I have inferred |
| Tú | has inferido | You have inferred |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ha inferido | He has / she has / you have inferred |
| Nosotros / as | hemos inferido | We have inferred |
| Vosotros / as | habéis inferido | You have inferred |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | han inferido | They / you have inferred |
| Vos | has inferido | You have inferred |
The conditional is used in place of the English modal verb “would”, i.e. “I would infer” or “she would infer”. It can be used to talk about hypothetical situations.
| Pronoun | Spanish | Englush |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | inferiría | I would infer |
| Tú | inferirías | You would infer |
| Él / Ella / Usted | inferiría | He / she / you would infer |
| Nosotros / as | inferiríamos | We would infer |
| Vosotros / as | inferiríais | You would infer |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | inferirían | They / you would infer |
| Vos | inferirías | You would infer |
The future tense, simply put, replaces the English modal verb “will” – i.e. “I will infer” or “they will infer”.
It is more commonly used for making a hypothesis about the present. To talk about the future, Spanish speakers frequently use “ir + a + infinivo”, e.g. “van a inferir” means “They are going to infer”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | inferiré | I will infer |
| Tú | inferirás | You will infer |
| Él / Ella / Usted | inferirá | He / she / you will infer |
| Nosotros / as | inferiremos | We will infer |
| Vosotros / as | inferiréis | You will infer |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | inferirán | They / you will infer |
| Vos | inferirás | You will infer |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | infiera |
| Tú | infieras |
| Él / Ella / Usted | infiera |
| Nosotros / as | infiramos |
| Vosotros / as | infiráis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | infieran |
| Vos | infieras |
There are two ways to form the imperfect subjunctive.
The first option sees verbs ending in -era (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ara (for -ar verbs), while the second sees verbs ending in -ese (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ase (for -ar verbs).
There is no difference between these two forms, and Spanish speakers use them interchangeably.
| Pronoun | Spanish era/ara | Spanish ese/ase |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | infiriera | infiriese |
| Tú | infirieras | infiriese |
| Él / Ella / Usted | infiriera | infiriese |
| Nosotros / as | infiriéramos | infiriésemos |
| Vosotros / as | infirierais | infirieseis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | infirieran | infiriesen |
| Vos | infirieras | infiriese |
The future subjunctive is no longer used in modern-day Spanish, apart from in literary and legal contexts, and there is no need to learn it.
It is formed the same as the past/imperfect subjunctive, but with -e endings instead of -a endings.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | infiriere |
| Tú | infirieres |
| Él / Ella / Usted | infiriera |
| Nosotros / as | infiriéremos |
| Vosotros / as | infiriereis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | infirieren |
| Vos | infirieres |
Used for forming positive and negative commands, e.g. “infer!” and “don’t infer!”.
| Pronoun | Spanish Affirmative | Spanish Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Tú | infiere | no infieras |
| Él / Ella / Usted | infiera | no infiera |
| Nosotros / as | infiramos | no infiramos |
| Vosotros / as | inferid | no infiráis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | infieran | no infieran |
| Vos | inferí | no infieras |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | haya inferido |
| Tú | hayas inferido |
| Él / Ella / Usted | haya inferido |
| Nosotros / as | hayamos inferido |
| Vosotros / as | hayáis inferido |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hayan inferido |
| Vos | hayas inferido |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiera inferido / hubiese inferido |
| Tú | hubieras inferido / hubieses inferido |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiera inferido / hubiese inferido |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéramos inferido / hubiésemos inferido |
| Vosotros / as | hubierais inferido / hubieseis inferido |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieran inferido / hubiesen inferido |
| Vos | hubieras inferido / hubieses inferido |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiere inferido |
| Tú | hubieres inferido |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiere inferido |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéremos inferido |
| Vosotros / as | hubiereis inferido |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieren inferido |
| Vos | hubieres inferido |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | esté infiriendo |
| Tú | estés infiriendo |
| Él / Ella / Usted | esté infiriendo |
| Nosotros / as | estemos infiriendo |
| Vosotros / as | estéis infiriendo |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estén infiriendo |
| Vos | estés infiriendo |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviera infiriendo / estuviese infiriendo |
| Tú | estuvieras infiriendo / estuvieses infiriendo |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviera infiriendo / estuviese infiriendo |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéramos infiriendo / estuviésamos infiriendo |
| Vosotros / as | estuvierais infiriendo / estuvieseis infiriendo |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviera infiriendo / estuviese infiriendo |
| Vos | estuvieras infiriendo / estuvieses infiriendo |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviere infiriendo |
| Tú | estuvieres infiriendo |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviere infiriendo |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéremos infiriendo |
| Vosotros / as | estuviereis infiriendo |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviere infiriendo |
| Vos | estuvieres infiriendo |
Voseo is the practice of using ‘vos’ instead of ‘tú’ as the second-person singular pronoun, and is common throughout much of South America.
There are various versions of ‘voseo’ used throughout the Spanish-speaking world. The conjugations for the most common type – used throughout Argentina, parts of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguya and Uruguay are below.
The present indicative (presente de indicativo) and affirmative imperative (imperativo) have different conjugations from the tú form, while all other tenses generally use the tú form.
| Tense | Vos Conjugation |
|---|---|
| Present Indicative Presente de Indicativo | Vos inferís |
| Simle Past / Preterite Preterite de Indicativo | Vos inferiste |
| Imperfect Past Preterite Imperfecto de Indicativo | Vos inferías |
| Conditional Condicional | Vos inferirías |
| Future Futuro de Indicativo | Vos inferirás |
| Present Subjunctive Presente de Subjunctivo | Vos infieras |
| Imperfect Subjunctive Imperfecto de Subjunctivo | Vos infirieras / Vos infiriese |
| Affirmative Imperative Imperativo | Vos inferí |
| Negative Imperative Imperativo Negativo | Vos no infieras |