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Injuriar is a Spanish verb which translates into English as “to abuse, insult, offend”.
Below are all of the conjugations for injuriar in Spanish, in all three moods (indicative/indicativo, subjunctive/subjunctivo and imperative/imperativo) and all of the tenses, for each pronoun.
The vosotros pronoun is mainly used in mainland Spain, and is the informal second-person plural – it could be considered the Spanish version of “y’all”. It is rarely found in Latin America, where ustedes is used instead.
The vos form is used instead of tú in some Spanish speaking countries of South America, especially the Southern Cone (e.g. Argentina and Uruguay) and has a different conjugation.
| English Infinitive | to abuse, insult, offend |
|---|---|
| Spanish Infinitive | injuriar |
The gerund (gerundio) is used with the continuous tenses, e.g. present continuous (está injuriando) and past continuous (estaba injuriando). The easiest way to think of it is the equivalent of english’s -ing form (e.g. abusing).
The past participle (participio) is used with perfect tense ‘haber’ verbs, e.g. he injuriado and hubiera injuriado. These are the equivalent of English’s ‘have’ (e.g. have abused).
| Gerundio / Gerund | injuriando |
|---|---|
| Participio / Past Participle | injuriado |
The basic form of speech, el indicativo is used for making statements, talking about facts, events and things that are certain and objective.
The present tense is as it sounds – it’s for talking about things that are currently going on, which are habitual, or which generally exist. In English, this would be “I abuse” or “they abuse”.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | injurio |
| Tú | injurias |
| Él / Ella / Usted | injuria |
| Nosotros / as | injuriamos |
| Vosotros / as | injuriáis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | injurian |
| Vos | injuriás |
Your simple past tense, e.g. “I abused” or “she abused” in English.
In Spanish, there are two past tenses where just one is used in English; the pretérite infefinido is typically used to refer to a concrete, specific moment in time.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | injurié | I abused |
| Tú | injuriaste | You abused |
| Él / Ella / Usted | injurió | He / she / you abused |
| Nosotros / as | injuriamos | We abused |
| Vosotros / as | injuriasteis | You abused |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | injuriaron | They / you abused |
| Vos | injuriaste | You abused |
The pretérito imperfecto roughly translates as “I was abusing” or “she was abusing” in English, and is typically used to describe things and set a scene, talk about events without a specific timeframe, or talk about habitual events or states in the past.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | injuriaba | I was abusing |
| Tú | injuriabas | You were abusing |
| Él / Ella / Usted | injuriaba | He was / she was / you were abusing |
| Nosotros / as | injuriábamos | We were abusing |
| Vosotros / as | injuriabais | You were abusing |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | injuriaban | They / you were abusing |
| Vos | injuriabas | You were abusing |
The perfect tense is for talking about things which happened in the past but are still related to the present or continue into the present.
In English, these use the auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘has’ – i.e. “I have abused” and “she has abused”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | he injuriado | I have abused |
| Tú | has injuriado | You have abused |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ha injuriado | He has / she has / you have abused |
| Nosotros / as | hemos injuriado | We have abused |
| Vosotros / as | habéis injuriado | You have abused |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | han injuriado | They / you have abused |
| Vos | has injuriado | You have abused |
The conditional is used in place of the English modal verb “would”, i.e. “I would abuse” or “she would abuse”. It can be used to talk about hypothetical situations.
| Pronoun | Spanish | Englush |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | injuriaría | I would abuse |
| Tú | injuriarías | You would abuse |
| Él / Ella / Usted | injuriaría | He / she / you would abuse |
| Nosotros / as | injuriaríamos | We would abuse |
| Vosotros / as | injuriaríais | You would abuse |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | injuriarían | They / you would abuse |
| Vos | injuriarías | You would abuse |
The future tense, simply put, replaces the English modal verb “will” – i.e. “I will abuse” or “they will abuse”.
It is more commonly used for making a hypothesis about the present. To talk about the future, Spanish speakers frequently use “ir + a + infinivo”, e.g. “van a injuriar” means “They are going to abuse”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | injuriaré | I will abuse |
| Tú | injuriarás | You will abuse |
| Él / Ella / Usted | injuriará | He / she / you will abuse |
| Nosotros / as | injuriaremos | We will abuse |
| Vosotros / as | injuriaréis | You will abuse |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | injuriarán | They / you will abuse |
| Vos | injuriarás | You will abuse |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | injurie |
| Tú | injuries |
| Él / Ella / Usted | injurie |
| Nosotros / as | injuriemos |
| Vosotros / as | injuriéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | injurien |
| Vos | injuries |
There are two ways to form the imperfect subjunctive.
The first option sees verbs ending in -era (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ara (for -ar verbs), while the second sees verbs ending in -ese (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ase (for -ar verbs).
There is no difference between these two forms, and Spanish speakers use them interchangeably.
| Pronoun | Spanish era/ara | Spanish ese/ase |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | injuriara | injuriase |
| Tú | injuriaras | injuriase |
| Él / Ella / Usted | injuriara | injuriase |
| Nosotros / as | injuriáramos | injuriásemos |
| Vosotros / as | injuriarais | injuriaseis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | injuriaran | injuriasen |
| Vos | injuriaras | injuriase |
The future subjunctive is no longer used in modern-day Spanish, apart from in literary and legal contexts, and there is no need to learn it.
It is formed the same as the past/imperfect subjunctive, but with -e endings instead of -a endings.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | injuriare |
| Tú | injuriares |
| Él / Ella / Usted | injuriare |
| Nosotros / as | injuriáremos |
| Vosotros / as | injuriareis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | injuriaren |
| Vos | injuriares |
Used for forming positive and negative commands, e.g. “abuse!” and “don’t abuse!”.
| Pronoun | Spanish Affirmative | Spanish Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Tú | injuria | no injuries |
| Él / Ella / Usted | injurie | no injurie |
| Nosotros / as | injuriemos | no injuriemos |
| Vosotros / as | injuriad | no injuriéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | injurien | no injurien |
| Vos | injuriá | no injuries |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | haya injuriado |
| Tú | hayas injuriado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | haya injuriado |
| Nosotros / as | hayamos injuriado |
| Vosotros / as | hayáis injuriado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hayan injuriado |
| Vos | hayas injuriado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiera injuriado / hubiese injuriado |
| Tú | hubieras injuriado / hubieses injuriado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiera injuriado / hubiese injuriado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéramos injuriado / hubiésemos injuriado |
| Vosotros / as | hubierais injuriado / hubieseis injuriado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieran injuriado / hubiesen injuriado |
| Vos | hubieras injuriado / hubieses injuriado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiere injuriado |
| Tú | hubieres injuriado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiere injuriado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéremos injuriado |
| Vosotros / as | hubiereis injuriado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieren injuriado |
| Vos | hubieres injuriado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | esté injuriando |
| Tú | estés injuriando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | esté injuriando |
| Nosotros / as | estemos injuriando |
| Vosotros / as | estéis injuriando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estén injuriando |
| Vos | estés injuriando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviera injuriando / estuviese injuriando |
| Tú | estuvieras injuriando / estuvieses injuriando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviera injuriando / estuviese injuriando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéramos injuriando / estuviésamos injuriando |
| Vosotros / as | estuvierais injuriando / estuvieseis injuriando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviera injuriando / estuviese injuriando |
| Vos | estuvieras injuriando / estuvieses injuriando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviere injuriando |
| Tú | estuvieres injuriando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviere injuriando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéremos injuriando |
| Vosotros / as | estuviereis injuriando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviere injuriando |
| Vos | estuvieres injuriando |
Voseo is the practice of using ‘vos’ instead of ‘tú’ as the second-person singular pronoun, and is common throughout much of South America.
There are various versions of ‘voseo’ used throughout the Spanish-speaking world. The conjugations for the most common type – used throughout Argentina, parts of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguya and Uruguay are below.
The present indicative (presente de indicativo) and affirmative imperative (imperativo) have different conjugations from the tú form, while all other tenses generally use the tú form.
| Tense | Vos Conjugation |
|---|---|
| Present Indicative Presente de Indicativo | Vos injuriás |
| Simle Past / Preterite Preterite de Indicativo | Vos injuriaste |
| Imperfect Past Preterite Imperfecto de Indicativo | Vos injuriabas |
| Conditional Condicional | Vos injuriarías |
| Future Futuro de Indicativo | Vos injuriarás |
| Present Subjunctive Presente de Subjunctivo | Vos injuries |
| Imperfect Subjunctive Imperfecto de Subjunctivo | Vos injuriaras / Vos injuriase |
| Affirmative Imperative Imperativo | Vos injuriá |
| Negative Imperative Imperativo Negativo | Vos no injuries |