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Irritar is a Spanish verb which translates into English as “to irritate, anger”.
Below are all of the conjugations for irritar in Spanish, in all three moods (indicative/indicativo, subjunctive/subjunctivo and imperative/imperativo) and all of the tenses, for each pronoun.
The vosotros pronoun is mainly used in mainland Spain, and is the informal second-person plural – it could be considered the Spanish version of “y’all”. It is rarely found in Latin America, where ustedes is used instead.
The vos form is used instead of tú in some Spanish speaking countries of South America, especially the Southern Cone (e.g. Argentina and Uruguay) and has a different conjugation.
| English Infinitive | to irritate, anger |
|---|---|
| Spanish Infinitive | irritar |
The gerund (gerundio) is used with the continuous tenses, e.g. present continuous (está irritando) and past continuous (estaba irritando). The easiest way to think of it is the equivalent of english’s -ing form (e.g. irritating).
The past participle (participio) is used with perfect tense ‘haber’ verbs, e.g. he irritado and hubiera irritado. These are the equivalent of English’s ‘have’ (e.g. have irritated).
| Gerundio / Gerund | irritando |
|---|---|
| Participio / Past Participle | irritado |
The basic form of speech, el indicativo is used for making statements, talking about facts, events and things that are certain and objective.
The present tense is as it sounds – it’s for talking about things that are currently going on, which are habitual, or which generally exist. In English, this would be “I irritate” or “they irritate”.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | irrito |
| Tú | irritas |
| Él / Ella / Usted | irrita |
| Nosotros / as | irritamos |
| Vosotros / as | irritáis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | irritan |
| Vos | irritás |
Your simple past tense, e.g. “I irritated” or “she irritated” in English.
In Spanish, there are two past tenses where just one is used in English; the pretérite infefinido is typically used to refer to a concrete, specific moment in time.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | irrité | I irritated |
| Tú | irritaste | You irritated |
| Él / Ella / Usted | irritó | He / she / you irritated |
| Nosotros / as | irritamos | We irritated |
| Vosotros / as | irritasteis | You irritated |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | irritaron | They / you irritated |
| Vos | irritaste | You irritated |
The pretérito imperfecto roughly translates as “I was irritating” or “she was irritating” in English, and is typically used to describe things and set a scene, talk about events without a specific timeframe, or talk about habitual events or states in the past.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | irritaba | I was irritating |
| Tú | irritabas | You were irritating |
| Él / Ella / Usted | irritaba | He was / she was / you were irritating |
| Nosotros / as | irritábamos | We were irritating |
| Vosotros / as | irritabais | You were irritating |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | irritaban | They / you were irritating |
| Vos | irritabas | You were irritating |
The perfect tense is for talking about things which happened in the past but are still related to the present or continue into the present.
In English, these use the auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘has’ – i.e. “I have irritated” and “she has irritated”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | he irritado | I have irritated |
| Tú | has irritado | You have irritated |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ha irritado | He has / she has / you have irritated |
| Nosotros / as | hemos irritado | We have irritated |
| Vosotros / as | habéis irritado | You have irritated |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | han irritado | They / you have irritated |
| Vos | has irritado | You have irritated |
The conditional is used in place of the English modal verb “would”, i.e. “I would irritate” or “she would irritate”. It can be used to talk about hypothetical situations.
| Pronoun | Spanish | Englush |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | irritaría | I would irritate |
| Tú | irritarías | You would irritate |
| Él / Ella / Usted | irritaría | He / she / you would irritate |
| Nosotros / as | irritaríamos | We would irritate |
| Vosotros / as | irritaríais | You would irritate |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | irritarían | They / you would irritate |
| Vos | irritarías | You would irritate |
The future tense, simply put, replaces the English modal verb “will” – i.e. “I will irritate” or “they will irritate”.
It is more commonly used for making a hypothesis about the present. To talk about the future, Spanish speakers frequently use “ir + a + infinivo”, e.g. “van a irritar” means “They are going to irritate”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | irritaré | I will irritate |
| Tú | irritarás | You will irritate |
| Él / Ella / Usted | irritará | He / she / you will irritate |
| Nosotros / as | irritaremos | We will irritate |
| Vosotros / as | irritaréis | You will irritate |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | irritarán | They / you will irritate |
| Vos | irritarás | You will irritate |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | irrite |
| Tú | irrites |
| Él / Ella / Usted | irrite |
| Nosotros / as | irritemos |
| Vosotros / as | irritéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | irriten |
| Vos | irrites |
There are two ways to form the imperfect subjunctive.
The first option sees verbs ending in -era (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ara (for -ar verbs), while the second sees verbs ending in -ese (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ase (for -ar verbs).
There is no difference between these two forms, and Spanish speakers use them interchangeably.
| Pronoun | Spanish era/ara | Spanish ese/ase |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | irritara | irritase |
| Tú | irritaras | irritase |
| Él / Ella / Usted | irritara | irritase |
| Nosotros / as | irritáramos | irritásemos |
| Vosotros / as | irritarais | irritaseis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | irritaran | irritasen |
| Vos | irritaras | irritase |
The future subjunctive is no longer used in modern-day Spanish, apart from in literary and legal contexts, and there is no need to learn it.
It is formed the same as the past/imperfect subjunctive, but with -e endings instead of -a endings.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | irritare |
| Tú | irritares |
| Él / Ella / Usted | irritare |
| Nosotros / as | irritáremos |
| Vosotros / as | irritareis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | irritaren |
| Vos | irritares |
Used for forming positive and negative commands, e.g. “irritate!” and “don’t irritate!”.
| Pronoun | Spanish Affirmative | Spanish Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Tú | irrita | no irrites |
| Él / Ella / Usted | irrite | no irrite |
| Nosotros / as | irritemos | no irritemos |
| Vosotros / as | irritad | no irritéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | irriten | no irriten |
| Vos | irritá | no irrites |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | haya irritado |
| Tú | hayas irritado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | haya irritado |
| Nosotros / as | hayamos irritado |
| Vosotros / as | hayáis irritado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hayan irritado |
| Vos | hayas irritado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiera irritado / hubiese irritado |
| Tú | hubieras irritado / hubieses irritado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiera irritado / hubiese irritado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéramos irritado / hubiésemos irritado |
| Vosotros / as | hubierais irritado / hubieseis irritado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieran irritado / hubiesen irritado |
| Vos | hubieras irritado / hubieses irritado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiere irritado |
| Tú | hubieres irritado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiere irritado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéremos irritado |
| Vosotros / as | hubiereis irritado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieren irritado |
| Vos | hubieres irritado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | esté irritando |
| Tú | estés irritando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | esté irritando |
| Nosotros / as | estemos irritando |
| Vosotros / as | estéis irritando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estén irritando |
| Vos | estés irritando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviera irritando / estuviese irritando |
| Tú | estuvieras irritando / estuvieses irritando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviera irritando / estuviese irritando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéramos irritando / estuviésamos irritando |
| Vosotros / as | estuvierais irritando / estuvieseis irritando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviera irritando / estuviese irritando |
| Vos | estuvieras irritando / estuvieses irritando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviere irritando |
| Tú | estuvieres irritando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviere irritando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéremos irritando |
| Vosotros / as | estuviereis irritando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviere irritando |
| Vos | estuvieres irritando |
Voseo is the practice of using ‘vos’ instead of ‘tú’ as the second-person singular pronoun, and is common throughout much of South America.
There are various versions of ‘voseo’ used throughout the Spanish-speaking world. The conjugations for the most common type – used throughout Argentina, parts of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguya and Uruguay are below.
The present indicative (presente de indicativo) and affirmative imperative (imperativo) have different conjugations from the tú form, while all other tenses generally use the tú form.
| Tense | Vos Conjugation |
|---|---|
| Present Indicative Presente de Indicativo | Vos irritás |
| Simle Past / Preterite Preterite de Indicativo | Vos irritaste |
| Imperfect Past Preterite Imperfecto de Indicativo | Vos irritabas |
| Conditional Condicional | Vos irritarías |
| Future Futuro de Indicativo | Vos irritarás |
| Present Subjunctive Presente de Subjunctivo | Vos irrites |
| Imperfect Subjunctive Imperfecto de Subjunctivo | Vos irritaras / Vos irritase |
| Affirmative Imperative Imperativo | Vos irritá |
| Negative Imperative Imperativo Negativo | Vos no irrites |