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Ladrar is a Spanish verb which translates into English as “to bark”.
Below are all of the conjugations for ladrar in Spanish, in all three moods (indicative/indicativo, subjunctive/subjunctivo and imperative/imperativo) and all of the tenses, for each pronoun.
The vosotros pronoun is mainly used in mainland Spain, and is the informal second-person plural – it could be considered the Spanish version of “y’all”. It is rarely found in Latin America, where ustedes is used instead.
The vos form is used instead of tú in some Spanish speaking countries of South America, especially the Southern Cone (e.g. Argentina and Uruguay) and has a different conjugation.
| English Infinitive | to bark |
|---|---|
| Spanish Infinitive | ladrar |
The gerund (gerundio) is used with the continuous tenses, e.g. present continuous (está ladrando) and past continuous (estaba ladrando). The easiest way to think of it is the equivalent of english’s -ing form (e.g. barking).
The past participle (participio) is used with perfect tense ‘haber’ verbs, e.g. he ladrado and hubiera ladrado. These are the equivalent of English’s ‘have’ (e.g. have barked).
| Gerundio / Gerund | ladrando |
|---|---|
| Participio / Past Participle | ladrado |
The basic form of speech, el indicativo is used for making statements, talking about facts, events and things that are certain and objective.
The present tense is as it sounds – it’s for talking about things that are currently going on, which are habitual, or which generally exist. In English, this would be “I bark” or “they bark”.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | ladro |
| Tú | ladras |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ladra |
| Nosotros / as | ladramos |
| Vosotros / as | ladráis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | ladran |
| Vos | ladrás |
Your simple past tense, e.g. “I barked” or “she barked” in English.
In Spanish, there are two past tenses where just one is used in English; the pretérite infefinido is typically used to refer to a concrete, specific moment in time.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | ladré | I barked |
| Tú | ladraste | You barked |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ladró | He / she / you barked |
| Nosotros / as | ladramos | We barked |
| Vosotros / as | ladrasteis | You barked |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | ladraron | They / you barked |
| Vos | ladraste | You barked |
The pretérito imperfecto roughly translates as “I was barking” or “she was barking” in English, and is typically used to describe things and set a scene, talk about events without a specific timeframe, or talk about habitual events or states in the past.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | ladraba | I was barking |
| Tú | ladrabas | You were barking |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ladraba | He was / she was / you were barking |
| Nosotros / as | ladrábamos | We were barking |
| Vosotros / as | ladrabais | You were barking |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | ladraban | They / you were barking |
| Vos | ladrabas | You were barking |
The perfect tense is for talking about things which happened in the past but are still related to the present or continue into the present.
In English, these use the auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘has’ – i.e. “I have barked” and “she has barked”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | he ladrado | I have barked |
| Tú | has ladrado | You have barked |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ha ladrado | He has / she has / you have barked |
| Nosotros / as | hemos ladrado | We have barked |
| Vosotros / as | habéis ladrado | You have barked |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | han ladrado | They / you have barked |
| Vos | has ladrado | You have barked |
The conditional is used in place of the English modal verb “would”, i.e. “I would bark” or “she would bark”. It can be used to talk about hypothetical situations.
| Pronoun | Spanish | Englush |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | ladraría | I would bark |
| Tú | ladrarías | You would bark |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ladraría | He / she / you would bark |
| Nosotros / as | ladraríamos | We would bark |
| Vosotros / as | ladraríais | You would bark |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | ladrarían | They / you would bark |
| Vos | ladrarías | You would bark |
The future tense, simply put, replaces the English modal verb “will” – i.e. “I will bark” or “they will bark”.
It is more commonly used for making a hypothesis about the present. To talk about the future, Spanish speakers frequently use “ir + a + infinivo”, e.g. “van a ladrar” means “They are going to bark”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | ladraré | I will bark |
| Tú | ladrarás | You will bark |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ladrará | He / she / you will bark |
| Nosotros / as | ladraremos | We will bark |
| Vosotros / as | ladraréis | You will bark |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | ladrarán | They / you will bark |
| Vos | ladrarás | You will bark |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | ladre |
| Tú | ladres |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ladre |
| Nosotros / as | ladremos |
| Vosotros / as | ladréis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | ladren |
| Vos | ladres |
There are two ways to form the imperfect subjunctive.
The first option sees verbs ending in -era (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ara (for -ar verbs), while the second sees verbs ending in -ese (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ase (for -ar verbs).
There is no difference between these two forms, and Spanish speakers use them interchangeably.
| Pronoun | Spanish era/ara | Spanish ese/ase |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | ladrara | ladrase |
| Tú | ladraras | ladrase |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ladrara | ladrase |
| Nosotros / as | ladráramos | ladrásemos |
| Vosotros / as | ladrarais | ladraseis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | ladraran | ladrasen |
| Vos | ladraras | ladrase |
The future subjunctive is no longer used in modern-day Spanish, apart from in literary and legal contexts, and there is no need to learn it.
It is formed the same as the past/imperfect subjunctive, but with -e endings instead of -a endings.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | ladrare |
| Tú | ladrares |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ladrare |
| Nosotros / as | ladráremos |
| Vosotros / as | ladrareis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | ladraren |
| Vos | ladrares |
Used for forming positive and negative commands, e.g. “bark!” and “don’t bark!”.
| Pronoun | Spanish Affirmative | Spanish Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Tú | ladra | no ladres |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ladre | no ladre |
| Nosotros / as | ladremos | no ladremos |
| Vosotros / as | ladrad | no ladréis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | ladren | no ladren |
| Vos | ladrá | no ladres |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | haya ladrado |
| Tú | hayas ladrado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | haya ladrado |
| Nosotros / as | hayamos ladrado |
| Vosotros / as | hayáis ladrado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hayan ladrado |
| Vos | hayas ladrado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiera ladrado / hubiese ladrado |
| Tú | hubieras ladrado / hubieses ladrado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiera ladrado / hubiese ladrado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéramos ladrado / hubiésemos ladrado |
| Vosotros / as | hubierais ladrado / hubieseis ladrado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieran ladrado / hubiesen ladrado |
| Vos | hubieras ladrado / hubieses ladrado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiere ladrado |
| Tú | hubieres ladrado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiere ladrado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéremos ladrado |
| Vosotros / as | hubiereis ladrado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieren ladrado |
| Vos | hubieres ladrado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | esté ladrando |
| Tú | estés ladrando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | esté ladrando |
| Nosotros / as | estemos ladrando |
| Vosotros / as | estéis ladrando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estén ladrando |
| Vos | estés ladrando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviera ladrando / estuviese ladrando |
| Tú | estuvieras ladrando / estuvieses ladrando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviera ladrando / estuviese ladrando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéramos ladrando / estuviésamos ladrando |
| Vosotros / as | estuvierais ladrando / estuvieseis ladrando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviera ladrando / estuviese ladrando |
| Vos | estuvieras ladrando / estuvieses ladrando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviere ladrando |
| Tú | estuvieres ladrando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviere ladrando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéremos ladrando |
| Vosotros / as | estuviereis ladrando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviere ladrando |
| Vos | estuvieres ladrando |
Voseo is the practice of using ‘vos’ instead of ‘tú’ as the second-person singular pronoun, and is common throughout much of South America.
There are various versions of ‘voseo’ used throughout the Spanish-speaking world. The conjugations for the most common type – used throughout Argentina, parts of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguya and Uruguay are below.
The present indicative (presente de indicativo) and affirmative imperative (imperativo) have different conjugations from the tú form, while all other tenses generally use the tú form.
| Tense | Vos Conjugation |
|---|---|
| Present Indicative Presente de Indicativo | Vos ladrás |
| Simle Past / Preterite Preterite de Indicativo | Vos ladraste |
| Imperfect Past Preterite Imperfecto de Indicativo | Vos ladrabas |
| Conditional Condicional | Vos ladrarías |
| Future Futuro de Indicativo | Vos ladrarás |
| Present Subjunctive Presente de Subjunctivo | Vos ladres |
| Imperfect Subjunctive Imperfecto de Subjunctivo | Vos ladraras / Vos ladrase |
| Affirmative Imperative Imperativo | Vos ladrá |
| Negative Imperative Imperativo Negativo | Vos no ladres |